EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY
Petra Konečná Tereza Nováčková Jana Procházková
AIM OF PRESENTATION
European Security and Defence Policy and its impact on EU-member states economies and its current
development
Who contributes the most to the EU budget in defence respect?
Who are not completely familiarized with the defence
policy steps?
DEFENCE POLICY
Attemps to create common defence policy are visible through decades since 50s in European community (Western European
Union 1954, Fouchet I and II 1961/2, Common Foreign and Security policy included in Treaty of European Union 1992)
In 1998 meeting of British and French governments – agreement on having military forces in order to respond to international crisis
In 1999 willingness of WEU to subordinate to the EU
In 2000 Treaty of Nice – deleting WEU and getting the competence to operate within the full range of Petersberg tasks – humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks and tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking
Required unanimity
During establishment was integrated that it wouldn´t duplicate NATO´s affairs and would act in compatibility with NATO´s policy
COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY
Goals according to the article 11 of the Treaty of European Union :
Securing of mutual values, essential interests, independence and integrity of the EU in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter
Multilateral strengthening of security of the EU
Peacekeeping and developing international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter as well as Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe even on external borders
Supporting of international cooperation
Developing and reinforcing of democratic state based on the rule of law and respecting fundamental human rights and freedoms
INSTITUTIONS
Political and Security Committee (PSC)– comprising national representatives, dealing with all aspects of Common Foreign and Security policy
EU Military Committee (EUMC) – constisting of chiefs of defence, giving guidelines to PSC and leading EU Military staff
EU Military Staff (EUMS) – 130 members, providing military
expertises, analyses, assessments, reviews of European Security and Defence Policy and in crisis it can convoke Crisis Action Team
Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management – ability of giving recommendations and explaning opinions about crisis
management
European Security and Intelligence Force (ESIF) - including 5000 well-armed police
MISSIONS OF THE EU
First mission launched in 2003
EU-member states are obliged to provide military and police forces for the common operations of the EU
Missions are operated in the sense of Peterberg´s task
Financing of missions and operations is primary determined by
directives of financing of common actions, administrative expenses are covered by EU budget
Participating of EU-member states or possibly non-members
EU distinguish 3 basic types of operations and missions according to the functions and forces – military operations using military forces, police operations using police forces and operations for supporting democratic states based on the rule of law using civil officials
Source : http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=268&lang=EN
MILITARY OF THE EU
It includes the national militaries of 27 member states of the EU
At the present 21 of the 27 EU member states participate in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), some EU states cooperate on defence policy entirely through NATO
Greece is the most militarised country in the EU and even in NATO and the defence burden is measured as double EU and NATO averages
Countries of the EU have almost 2 millions personnel in their military forces
A lot of European institutional agreements have been signed and many military forces have been formed in order to expand the area of
defence
Some states of the EU remain neutral in defence issues
ACTIVE MILITARY PERSONNEL
259050 210500
240000
206480 177950
177600 125000 90000 57050
53130 386630
France Germany Italy
United Kingdom Spain
Greece Poland Romania
Czech Republic Netherlands Others
Data source : Statistics ESDP
SHARES OF COUNTRIES
562
482
460 267 371
254 251 166 115 80
480 United Kingdom
France Italy Germany Spain Greece Poland Sweden Netherlands Bulgaria Others
TANKS
AIRCRAFTS
1874
1180
1175 1005 1021
1000 661 590 340
311
1377
Germany Italy
United Kingdom France
Poland Greece Spain Bulgaria Romania Slovakia Others
Data source : Statistics ESDP
MILITARY FORCES
US$
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_European_Union#cite_note-autogenerated2-11
ATHENA
A system of financing military and defence operations – called ATHENA
Founded in 2004 as a Special Committee
Designed to administer the financing of the common costs of
European Union operations having military or defence implications (http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/foreign_and_security_policy)
Primary it organises 2 types of actions - conventional EU military operations and military supporting actions, decided by the Council, in support of a third State or a third organisation
Comprised one representative of each EU-member state
Chaired by the Presidency of the Council of the EU.
Integrated unanimity in decisionmaking
ATHENA
The Commission and other contributing non-member states
participate in the work of the committee, but do not vote or cover all common costs
Covered common costs – mission expenditure, feeding, supply of potable water, costs relative to the storage of material, costs of transport and accommodation necessary for exploratory missions (before start of the mission), infrastructure, wages, fees for hired persons/ equipment / buildings / services
After each mission the operation commander presents proposals about fulfilment or selling of previously mutually financed
equipment or constructed infrastructure by forces of the EU in the area of mission
Special Committee can empower the operation commander to sign the contracts necessary for the missions on behalf of EU-member states
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
Originnaly the EU was designed as the economic integration guaranteeing security through security of economies
EU defence policy depends on improving the economic efficiency of its defence markets
Each member state contributes to the budget of the EU for defence policy according to its GDP share
The effects of military expenditures on the profitability of the economy :
◦ a negative impact on economic growth through the crowding- out of investment (it stimulates demand and profitability in the short run, but not in the long run)
◦ a negative impact on employment both in the short run and in the long run
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
Since the Cold War there is tendency in decreasing of military expenditures across most of the countries, causing that price of technical equipment have increased
Wages of soldiers have grown more steeply than wages of civilists (because of the „net disadvantages“ of military service (e.g.
danger, unsocial hours and conditions, discipline))
Basically each state has its own military and defence goals
Each state purchases different weapons and equipment from various producers
On the market there exist supplies of similar products , but in minor range (e.g. aircfaft combat - Swedish Gripen, the French Rafale, etc.)
EUROPEAN DEFENCE BUDGET PROBLEM
Both the quantity and the quality of defence spending in the EU are largely insufficient
Military spending in the EU has decreased constantly over the last decade which doesn‘t meet with the EU‘s aim to become a main defence and security player
Defence budget problem originates especially in political reasons, there are other priorities such as social programs
Only Great Britain maintains a level and quality of defence spending worthy
Source : http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/browse/51/article/more-uros-for-european- capabilities-budgetary-discipline-andor-defence-expenditure/?tx_ttnews[page]=1&cHash=1568c26022
DEFENCE BUDGET
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Miliardsof$
Data source : Wikipedia
DEFENCE SPENDING IN % OF GDP
Data source : Wikipedia
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00
% ofGDP
DEFENCE POLICY MORE EFFICIENT
To transformate the defence policy into a public good - i.e. establish mutual fund as the source of purchasing weapons in the way, in
which all countries would have the benefits, and as well establish mutual satellite communication and surveillance systems and nuclear deterrence
To take in attention comparative advantages (e.g. United Kingdom - Navy, France - Nuclear forces, Germany - Army forces)
Creating of Single European Market for military and defence equipment
Employ the economies of scale - the creation of a single EU Army, Navy and Air Force (the US model)
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Source : http://www.tomspencer.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/Economies-of-scale-2.jpg
REASONS FOR REFORMS
Reluctance to found a federal United States of Europe, desire for national independence
The process is long run targeted – consuming a lot of time and transaction costs.
Many companies in regions become losers – even they have been competitive, if the united market is set up, they will lose their advantages
A need of clear decisionmaking - criteria and voting rules to ensure that member states reach decisions quickly, so it doesn´t impair the military efficiency.
Potential conflicts with NATO, but mainly with the USA
MILITARY BONDS OF THE EU AND USA
Roots of strong bonds of the EU and the USA can be followed to the second World War(American participation in coalition against Hitler, supporting the Europe by the Marshall plan)
The unsubstitutable position of the USA and its leadership in NATO ( Europe is dependent on military force of the USA)
The wars on Balkan accelerated the tendency to form independent military forces of the EU
The USA´s opinion about growing defence formation of the EU is ambiginous (on the one hand - fear of duplicity of defence
iniciatives as well as weakening its position, on the other hand recognition of more expenses on defence projects by European countries, that could make profit to the NATO)
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES
European defence as the most important and more isolated from NATO is prefered by French, Germans, Belgians, Luxembourgers
In 2002 French-German proposals for European Security and Defence policy : „In principle it is desirable for all EU member
states to participate. Nevertheless, there will be situations where all member states will not be prepared to participate …. In this case, those who desire to do so must be able to cooperate with a few others in the framework of the Treaty.“
(http://www.nstu.ru/tempus/files/Peters/Peters-text-Salmen-ESDP.pdf)
Hervé Morin, French minister of Defence proclaimed in 2008 that we can´t understand European Defence Policy as determined for all EU-members, since they don´t maintain the same position. And he proposed possibility of choice by member states about
participation and he introduced an example – when Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria won´t take part in a project of air military transportation
DENMARK AS AN EXCEPTION FROM THE EU DEFENCE COOPERATION
Denmark never share same political ambitions as its European collegues - 50,7% Danish voted against Maastricht Treaty
Hot spots – common currency, cooperation in the internal affairs and justice, European citizenship, defence policy
In Edinburgh in1992 – Committee of European Council provided an exception – opt-out in all four areas
The main reason for non-participation in defence issues is
considered a membership in NATO – the popularity of NATO against the EU is noticeable higher
Other fears caused by unclear ideas about European Security and Defence policy
Denmark did not take part even in the WEU, it has status as an observer
CONCLUSION
The Defence policy as a part of the second pillar of the EU (Common Foreign and Security Policy) should be considered
according to our opinion as one of the most important area in the European coexistence. And unfortunately it still does not attract so close attention as it deserves.
Among the big „fans“ of the Defence policy we class the largest European countries as the United Kingdom, France, Italy and
Germany. They contribute to the budget of defence policy the most from the all EU-member states
Through our analyses we encounter two fundamental problems :
◦ Not completely implemented defence strategy of the EU – the EU-members states don´t feel so strongly as part of Federation (as e.g. in the USA), they act mostly by their own interests, not common
◦ The defence policy is not economically efficient – its partly consequence of the previous point
REFERENCES
Pugel, T.A. (2009), International Economics, New York University, McGraw-Hill Irwin
Krugman, P.R., Obstfeld (2003), International Economics, Addison Wesley
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