CRANIUM CRANIUM

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CRANIUM CRANIUM

THE SKULL THE SKULL

R. Druga R. Druga

Institute of Anatomy, 2nd and 1st Medical Institute of Anatomy, 2nd and 1st Medical

Faculty Faculty

(2)

NEUROCRANIUM NEUROCRANIUM

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM

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CRANIUM, THE SKULL I CRANIUM, THE SKULL I



Most highly modified region in the axial Most highly modified region in the axial skeleton

skeleton



The neurocranium The neurocranium – developed from a – developed from a

series of cartilages ventral to the brain (base) series of cartilages ventral to the brain (base)



From mesenchyme over the dome of the From mesenchyme over the dome of the head (calvaria or calva)

head (calvaria or calva)



Cranial cavity Cranial cavity



Splanchnocranium Splanchnocranium – branchial apparatus – branchial apparatus

(cartilaginous elements) have been replaced

(4)

(5)

Branchial apparatus Branchial apparatus



The mandibular region and the neck are The mandibular region and the neck are formed by six paired branchial arches formed by six paired branchial arches

(cart. bars supporting the gill apparatus).



In the tetrapods branchial arches were In the tetrapods branchial arches were

modified and persist in the facial (maxilla, modified and persist in the facial (maxilla,

mandibula) and neck skeleton (laryngeal mandibula) and neck skeleton (laryngeal

cartilages)

(6)

Derivatives of cartilagines of the branchial arches

1st arch = ^Meckel

cart., mandibula, malleus

2nd arch = Reichert cart., stapes, styloid proc.,stylohyoid lig.

3rd arch^{= hyoid}

(7)

CRANIUM II CRANIUM II



Complex of skeletal elements, adapted to Complex of skeletal elements, adapted to support and contain the brain, brain vessels, support and contain the brain, brain vessels,

cranial nerves and envelops cranial nerves and envelops



Special senses (eye ball, nasal cavity, inner ear) Special senses (eye ball, nasal cavity, inner ear)



Intracranial spaces (epidural, subdural, Intracranial spaces (epidural, subdural, subarachnoideal)

subarachnoideal)



Circulating cerebrospinal fluid Circulating cerebrospinal fluid

 xx

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CRANIUM CRANIUM



Komplex kostí axiálního skeletu Komplex kostí axiálního skeletu



Obsahuje mozek, mozkové cévy a obaly Obsahuje mozek, mozkové cévy a obaly



Obsahuje oční kouli a sluchový aparát Obsahuje oční kouli a sluchový aparát



Člení se na bazi lební, kalvu Člení se na bazi lební, kalvu

(calvaria) a na obličejový skelet.



Pro klinickou medicinu má největší Pro klinickou medicinu má největší

(9)

CRANIUM III CRANIUM III



General cranial features General cranial features



Base Base



Calvaria Calvaria



Facial skeleton Facial skeleton



Spaces, cavities Spaces, cavities

 The skull, considered as a whole, is of greater The skull, considered as a whole, is of greater

practical importance than the individual bones of practical importance than the individual bones of

which it is made up !!!!!! Most important part of which it is made up !!!!!! Most important part of

the skull is the

base. base.

(10)

Norma lateralis

(11)

(12)

(13)

Norma facialis or

Norma frontalis

The orbit

The

(15)

The interior of the cranium

Basis cranii interna

Norma basalis

Basis cranii

(16)

The anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa

Basis cranii interna

Fossae cranii

!

(17)

OS

OCCIPITALE

Squamous, basilar and lateral part

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Internal aspect Cruciate eminence, 4 fossae

(19)

Occipital bone of a newborn child

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Posterior aspect

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Inferior aspect

(22)

OS

SPHENOIDALE

In the base of the skull

Resembles a bird with wings outstretched

Body The greater wings The lesser wings The

pterygoid processes

(23)

Posterior aspect

Superior aspect

Chiasmatic sulcus – optic cana

Hypophyseal fossa

Dorsum sellae

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Sphenoid bone – body Sphenoid bone – body



Cubical, contains two air sinuses / Cubical, contains two air sinuses / septum

septum



Anteriorly – ethmoid bone Anteriorly – ethmoid bone



Posteriorly – occipital bone Posteriorly – occipital bone



Sulcus chiasmatis (optic canal) Sulcus chiasmatis (optic canal)



Hypophyseal fossa + Dorsum sellae= Hypophyseal fossa + Dorsum sellae=

sella turcica (Turkish saddle)

(25)

Fissura orbitalis superior :

III., IV., VI., V/1,

V. orbitalis sup.

For. rotundum : V/2

For. ovale : V/3 For. spinosum:

a. meningea media

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ANTERIOR ASPECT

(27)

Greater wing – 5 surfaces (facies) Greater wing – 5 surfaces (facies)

 Cerebral surfaceCerebral surface – part of the midle cranial fossa – part of the midle cranial fossa

 Orbital surfaceOrbital surface – part of the lateral wall of the orbit – part of the lateral wall of the orbit

 Temporal surface – Temporal surface – temporal fossatemporal fossa

 Infratemporal surface- Infratemporal surface- infratemporal fossainfratemporal fossa

 Sphenomaxillar surface- Sphenomaxillar surface- pterygopalatine fossapterygopalatine fossa

(28)

OS

TEMPORALE

Parts:

Squamous Petromastoid Tympanic

(styloid process)

(29)

Petrous part of the temporal bone Petrous part of the temporal bone

 Is wedged between the sphenoid and occipital Is wedged between the sphenoid and occipital bones

bones

 Has a base, an apex, four surfaces, three marginsHas a base, an apex, four surfaces, three margins

 The anterior (superior) surface (The anterior (superior) surface (trigeminal impression, trigeminal impression, arcuate eminence)

arcuate eminence)

 The posterior surface The posterior surface (the internal acoustic meatus)(the internal acoustic meatus)

 The inferior surface (The inferior surface (the carotid canal, the jugular fossa)the carotid canal, the jugular fossa)

 The ventrobasal surface (The ventrobasal surface (medial wall of the tympanic medial wall of the tympanic cavity)

cavity)

 xx

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OS TEMPORALE – PARS PETROSA, OS TEMPORALE – PARS PETROSA,

PYRAMIS PYRAMIS

 Klínovitá konfigurace- mezi os sphenoidale a Klínovitá konfigurace- mezi os sphenoidale a occipitale

occipitale

 Base, apex, 4 stěny (facies)Base, apex, 4 stěny (facies)

 Facies posterior (porus acusticus internus)Facies posterior (porus acusticus internus)

 Facies inferior (canalis caroticus, fossa jugularis)Facies inferior (canalis caroticus, fossa jugularis)

 Facies anterior (eminentia arcuata, impressio Facies anterior (eminentia arcuata, impressio trigeminalis)

trigeminalis)

(31)

Temporal bone + pyramis – external aspect

(32)

PYRAMIS-internal aspect (facies ant. et post.)

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Internal acoustic meatus - n. VII., n.VIII.)

(34)

Meatus acusticus internus l. dx.

(35)

PYRAMIS, FACIES INFERIOR

Stylomastoid foramen (n. VII.)

Jugular foramen (internal jugular vein, N. IX., X., XI.)

Canaliculus for

Carotid canal

Jugular foramen

(36)

Facies inferior

Canalis caroticus Foramen jugulare Processus styloideus Foramen

Stylomastoideum Processus

mastoideus

Fossa mandibularis Canaliculus

tympanicus

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PYRAMIS : FACIES VENTROBASALIS

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(40)

Mastoid air cells

Celullae mastoideae

Pneumatic

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Canalis n. facialis

(42)

(43)

Tympanic cavity

Promontory

Tympanic nerve – Tympanic plexus

(44)

Tympanic cavity,

posterior wall

Mastoid antrum (3,5)

External auditory meatus (1)

N. VII.

Pyramidal eminence

Chorda tympani

Tympanic sulcus

(45)

Pyramid - canals and spaces Pyramid - canals and spaces

 Canalis nervi facialisCanalis nervi facialis – – meatus ac. internus – for. meatus ac. internus – for.

Stylomastoideum (3 parts :ventrolateral, dorsolateral, caudal) Stylomastoideum (3 parts :ventrolateral, dorsolateral, caudal)

 Canalis caroticusCanalis caroticus – – facies inferior – apex pyramidisfacies inferior – apex pyramidis

 Canaliculus tympanicusCanaliculus tympanicus – – fossula petrosa – cavum tympani –fossula petrosa – cavum tympani – sulcus promontorii

sulcus promontorii

 Canaliculus chordae tympani – Canaliculus chordae tympani – canalis n. facialiscanalis n. facialis – –

cavum tympani – fissura petrotympanica cavum tympani – fissura petrotympanica

 Canalis musculotubariusCanalis musculotubarius – – m. tensor tympani, Eustachian tubem. tensor tympani, Eustachian tube

 Labyrinthus osseusLabyrinthus osseus – vestibulum, canales semicirculares, cochlea – vestibulum, canales semicirculares, cochlea

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OS FRONTALE, SQUAMA FRONTALIS, PARTES ORBITALES Desmogenní osifikace ze dvou základů

(47)

Inferior aspect

Roof of the orbit

(48)

Internal aspect SQUAMA FRONTALIS

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OS ETHMOIDALE OS ETHMOIDALE



Lamina cribrosa (nerve I.) Lamina cribrosa (nerve I.)



Lamina perpendicularis (crista galli) Lamina perpendicularis (crista galli)



Labyrithi ethmoidales (cellulae Labyrithi ethmoidales (cellulae ethmoidales)

ethmoidales)



Lamina orbitalis (papyracea) Lamina orbitalis (papyracea)



Concha nasalis media et superior Concha nasalis media et superior

(50)

(51)

Cock´ s comb

(52)

(53)

(54)

Parietal bone

(55)

(56)

Sulci of the middle meningeal artery

Epidural space

(57)

Epidural hematoma

(58)

(59)

OBLIČEJOVÝ SKELET

FACIAL SKELETON

(60)

Maxilla

Tělo + 4 výběžky:

Body + 4 processes

(proc.

frontalis, palatinus, zygomaticus (/apex),

alveolaris)

4 plochy 4 surfaces

Facies : anterior, posterior, orbitalis

nasalis (the base of the hollow pyramidal body)

Maxillary hiatus is

(61)

(62)

Maxilla - ossification Maxilla - ossification



The maxilla ossifies in membrane. The maxilla ossifies in membrane.



The premaxilla (incisive bone, carrying incisor The premaxilla (incisive bone, carrying incisor teeth) is in most mammals an independent teeth) is in most mammals an independent

bone.

(63)

OSSA PALATINA OSSA

PALATINA

Orbital process (3) Sphenoidal process (5)

Sphenopalatine incisure

(64)

MANDIBULA

CORPUS + RAMUS –

Condylar process (articular surface) Coronoid process

(temporalis m.)

Corpus –

Alveolar process

Each half

ossifies from a single centre in membrane ovelying the Meckel

cartilage

(65)

Sublingual fossa Submandibular fossa

Mandibular canal

(66)

Age changes in the mandible

Ramus in line with the body

(67)

(68)

THE NASAL CAVITY

CAVITAS NASI

OSSEA

Piriform aperture –

THE

ORBITAL CAVITY

ORBITA

(69)

Facies lateralis

(70)

CAVUM NASI

THE NASAL CAVITY,

FRONTAL SECTION

CAVUM NASI

MEATUS NASI :

inferior medius superior

(71)

(72)

(73)

SINUS

PARANASALES

Frontal Maxillary Ethmoidal Sphenoidal

(74)

(75)

(76)

THE ORBIT ORBITA

(77)

THE ORBIT, MEDIAL WALL ORBITA, FACIES MEDIALIS

(78)

FOSSA

TEMPORALIS, INFRATEMPO RALIS

Temporal fossa

Infratemporal fossa

Infratemporal fossa :

Lamina lateralis

Pterygomandibular fissure

(79)

FOSSA

PTERYGOPALATINA Pterygomandibular

fissura

Upper wall :

maxillary surface of the greater wings

Medial wall:

palatine bone

Anterior wall : maxilla

Posterior wall : pterygoid process Rotundum

Pterygoid canal Sphenopalatine for.

Inferior orbital fissure

Greater palatine canal

(80)

(81)

(82)

(83)

FOSSAE CRANII

Anterior Middle Posterior

(84)

(85)

Skull in a new-born

Facial part small

(rudimentary condition of the mandible and

6 fontanellae

Lebka

Lebka novorozence

(86)

Anterior fontanelle BREGMA

(87)

(88)

The skull during the birth The skull during the birth



The skull is altered in shape The skull is altered in shape



The skull is compressed and elongated The skull is compressed and elongated



Bones of cranial vault (calva) overlap to a Bones of cranial vault (calva) overlap to a small extent (fontanellae !!)

small extent (fontanellae !!)



These changes disappear within a week These changes disappear within a week

(89)

Konfigurace lebky při porodu Konfigurace lebky při porodu



Lebka je komprimována (mediolaterálně) Lebka je komprimována (mediolaterálně)



Elongace lebky Elongace lebky



Kosti kalvy se podsouvají (fontanely) Kosti kalvy se podsouvají (fontanely)



V průběhu několika dnů se konfigurace V průběhu několika dnů se konfigurace lebky vrací k nornálu

lebky vrací k nornálu

(90)

CRANIOMETRY

(91)

gnathion

(92)

CRANIOMETRY I CRANIOMETRY I

 Cranial height = bregma – basion = Výška lebkyCranial height = bregma – basion = Výška lebky

 Cranial breadth = euryon – euryon = Šířka lebkyCranial breadth = euryon – euryon = Šířka lebky

 Cranial length = glabella - occipital point = Délka lebkyCranial length = glabella - occipital point = Délka lebky

 Facial height = nasion – gnathion = Výška obličejeFacial height = nasion – gnathion = Výška obličeje

(93)

CRANIOMETRY CRANIAL INDEX

Š x 100/ d

do 75 dolicho- 75 – 80 meso- 80 a více brachy -

Breadth x 100/

length

Up to 75

dolichocephalic

75 – 80

mesocephalic

80 – 85

(94)

Sexual differences Female : wall thinner, superciliary arches, tuberosities and mastoid processes less prominent, air sinuses smaller, tubera frontalia at parietalia +

(95)

References : References :

 R. Čihák : Anatomie 1, AvicenumR. Čihák : Anatomie 1, Avicenum

 M. Grim, R. Druga et al.: Základy anatomie. Galen 2001M. Grim, R. Druga et al.: Základy anatomie. Galen 2001

 Gray ´s Anatomy, Longman 1973Gray ´s Anatomy, Longman 1973

 P. Kopf – Maier : Atlas of Human Anatomy, Karger, 1990P. Kopf – Maier : Atlas of Human Anatomy, Karger, 1990

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KONEC LEBKY

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