Appendix
Appendix 5.1: Average income gap illustration for total, male and female Czech labor force compared with German labor force
2
Appendix 5.2: Long-term unemployment rate illustration for Czech and German labor force with gender specification and age group specification in the Czech-Bavarian border region
3
Appendix 5.3.1: Illustration of job vacancies in Jihozápad region and West-Germany for selected branches
4
Appendix 5.3.2: Illustration of job vacancies in the Czech Republic, the Jihozápad region and Germany
5
Appendix 5.4.1: Illustration of the development of the total population in the Czech Re- public and Germany with linar trends
6
Appendix 5.5.1: Development of highway, road, and railway infrastructure in Jihozápad region and Bavaria
7
Appendix 5.5.2: Illustrative overview about border crossings between Bavaria and the Czech Republic
Appendix 5.5.3: Explanatory list of border crossings between Bavaria and the Czech Republic belonging to Appendix 5.5.2
(Source:
https://www.czech-tourist.de/grenzuebergaenge.htm,
https://www.mapz.com/map#next=%2Fexport%2Fcreate%3Fwith_lay- ers%3Dtrue%26view%3Ddraw, own illustration)
Bavarian border region
Czech border region
Point of Interest Nr.
Philippsreut Strážný 1
Bayerisch Eisenstein Železná Ruda 2
Furth im Wald Česká Kubice 3
Furth im Wald Folmava 4
Waidhaus Rozvadov 5
Schirnding Pomezí nad Ohří 6
Waldsassen Svatý Kříž 7
Mähring Broumov 8
Bärnau Pavlův Studenec 9
Eslarn Železná 10
Waldmünchen Lisková 11
Eschlkam Všeruby 12
Neukirchen b. Hl. Blut Svatá Kateřina 13
8
Appendix 5.5.4: Tabular overview about border crossing railway connections between Bavaria and the Czech Republic
Bavarian border re- gion
Czech border re- gion
Railway connection Passenger trans- portation (PT)/
freight transpor- tation (FT) Bayerisch Eisenstein Železná Ruda-
Alžbětín
Plattling-Pilsen PT Furth im Wald Česká Kubice Schwarndorf-Pilsen PT, FT
Schirnding Cheb Nürnberg – Marktred-
witz – Cheb
PT, FT
Selb-Plößberg Aš (Asch) Hof – Cheb PT
(Source: https://www.allianz-pro-schiene.de/themen/aktuell/deutschland-tschechien- grenzuebergaenge/, own illustration)
9
Appendix 6.1: Explanatory list of data for administrative districts and counties used in the comparative and main analysis
List number District or regional code Respective district or county
1 094 Oberfranken
2 09461 Bamberg, Stadt
3 09462 Bayreuth, Stadt
4 09463 Coburg, Stadt
5 09464 Hof, Stadt
6 09471 Bamberg
7 09472 Bayreuth
8 09473 Coburg
9 09474a Forchheim
10 09474b Hof
11 09476 Kronach
12 09477 Kulmbach
13 09478 Lichtenfels
14 09479 Wunsiedel i. Fichtelgebirge
15 093 Oberpfalz
16 09361 Amberg, Stadt
17 09362 Regensburg, Stadt
18 09363 Weiden i. d. Oberpfalz, Stadt
19 09371 Amberg-Sulzbach
20 09372 Cham
21 09373 Neumarkt i. d. Oberpfalz
22 09374 Neustadt a. d. Waldnaab
23 09375 Regensburg
24 09376 Schwandorf
25 09377 Tirschenreuth
26 092 Niederbayern
27 09261 Landshut, Stadt
28 09262 Passau, Stadt
29 09263 Straubing, Stadt
30 09271 Deggendorf
31 09272 Freyung-Grafenau
32 09273 Kelheim
33 09274 Landshut
34 09275 Passau
35 09276 Regen
36 09277 Rottal-Inn
37 09278 Straubing-Bogen
38 09279 Dingolfing-Landau
39 091 Oberbayern
40 09171 Altötting
41 09189 Traunstein
42 09172 Berchtesgadener Land
43 09187 Rosenheim
44 09163 Rosenheim, Stadt
45 09182 Miesbach
10
46 09173 Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
47 09180 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
48 097 Schwaben
49 09777 Ostallgäu
50 09780 Oberallgäu
51 09763 Kempten (Allgäu), Stadt
52 09762 Kaufbeuren, Stadt
53 09776 Lindau (Bodensee)
54 130 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
55 13073 Vorpommern-Rügen
56 13075 Vorpommern-Greifswald
57 120 Brandenburg
58 12073 Uckermark
59 12060 Barnim
60 12064 Märkisch-Oderland
61 12053 Frankfurt (Oder), Stadt
62 12067 Oder-Spree
63 12052 Cottbus, Stadt
64 12071 Spree-Neiße
65 146 Görlitz
66 14626 Görlitz
(Source: Federal Employment Agency of Germany, own calculation and illustration)
11
Appendix 6.2.1: Illustrative overview about development of number of Czech cross- border commuters to the neighboring Bavarian administrative districts and counties
(Source: Federal Employment Agency of Germany, own calculation and illustration)
12
13
(Source: Federal Employment Agency of Germany, own calculation and illustration)
14
Appendix 6.2.2: Illustrative overview about development of number of Austrian cross- border commuters to the neighboring counties in Bavaria
15
(Source: Federal Employment Agency of Germany, own calculation and illustration)
16
Appendix 6.2.3: Illustrative overview about development of number of Polish cross- border commuters to the neighboring counties in Bavaria
17
(Source: Federal Employment Agency of Germany, own calculation and illustration)
18
Appendix 6.2.4: Summarizing table of number and scope of observations used withing the comparative analysis
The following table provides and overview about the number and scope of the observations used in the comparative analysis. Thereofore, the STATA output for the command by d_wl: sum nr_commuters. Thus, the numbers of observations are shown for the specific workplace location of the cross-border commuters. Hereby, d_wl=0 if workplace of Czech cross-border commuter is Austria and d_wl=1 if workplace is in Germany.
Appendix 6.2.5: Summarizing tables of number and scope of obsevations used within the main analysis
In the following sub-chapters, a detailed overview about the number and scope of the observations used in the main analysis is provided. Therefore, the STATA output for the command by d_rl: sum nr_commuters is shown. Thus, the number of observations are shown for the specific residential location of the corss-border commuters. Hereby, d_rl=0 if residential location is in Austria (respectively Poland) and d_rl=1 if residential location is in the Czech Republic.
Appendix 6.2.5.1: Summarizing table of observations used for gender specific analysis among Czech and Austrian cross-border commuters
19
Appendix 6.2.5.2: Summarizing table of observations used for gender specific analysis among Czech and Polish cross-border commuters
Appendix 6.2.5.3: Summarizing table of observations used for age-group specific analysis among Czech and Austrian cross-border commuters
Appendix 6.2.5.4: Summarizing table of observations used for age-group specific analysis among Czech and Polish cross-border commuters
20
Appendix 6.2.5.5: Summarizing table of observations used for gender specific analysis among Polish and Austrian cross-border commuters
Appendix 6.2.5.6: Summarizing table of observations used for age-group specific analysis among Polish and Austrian cross-border commuters
21
Appendix 6.3: Illustrative overview about the data used for the comparative analysis and the steps of the first EU eastern enlargement in 2004 (including the abolishment of labor market restricitons in 2011)
(Sources: Schmieder and Weber, 2018 and Bundesagentur für Arbeit, own calculation and illustration)
22 Appendix 6.4: Results of the comparative analysis
(Source: Output of STATA program)
The following regression command was entered in STATA program:
reg nr_commuters d_wl d_2004 d_2005 d_2006 d_2007 d_2008 d_2009 d_2010 d_2011 d_2012 d_2013 d_2014 d_2015 d_2016 d_2017 wl_2004 wl_2011, r
Appendix 6.5: Results of the main analysis
In the following sub-chapters of the Appendix 6.5, the results of the main analysis are shown in detail by providing the STATA program output and the entered commands. The accompanying do-file of the whole STATA program calculation and the used data sets can be found in the digital Appendix.
23
Appendix 6.5.1: Results of Difference-in-Difference analysis between Czech and Aus- trian cross-border commuters to the neighbouring Bavarian border counties with a gender specification
(Source: Output of STATA program)
The following regression command was entered in STATA program:
reg nr_commuters d_rl d_male d_2001 d_2002 d_2003 d_2004 d_2005 d_2006 d_2007 d_2008 d_2009 d_2010 d_2011 d_2012 d_2013 d_2014 d_2015 d_2016 d_2017
d_2018 d_2019 d_2020 rl_2004 rl_2011 d_rl_male rl_2004_male rl_2011_male, r
24
Appendix 6.5.2: Results of Difference-in-Difference analysis between Czech and Aus- trian cross-border commuters to the neighbouring Bavarian border counties with an age- group specification
(Source: Output of STATA program)
The following regression command was entered in STATA program:
reg nr_commuters d_rl d_age1524 d_age2554 d_age5564 d_2001 d_2002 d_2003 d_2004 d_2005 d_2006 d_2007 d_2008 d_2009 d_2010 d_2011 d_2012 d_2013 d_2014 d_2015 d_2016 d_2017 d_2018 d_2019 d_2020 rl_2004 rl_2011 rl_2004_age1524 rl_2004_age2554 rl_2004_age5564 rl_2011_age1524 rl_2011_age2554 rl_2011_age5564 d_rl_age1524 d_rl_age2554 d_rl_age5564, r
25
Appendix 6.5.3: Results of Difference-in-Difference analysis between Czech and Polish cross-border commuters to the neighbouring Bavarian border counties with a gender specification
(Source: Output of STATA program)
The following regression command was entered in STATA program:
reg nr_commuters d_rl d_male d_2001 d_2002 d_2003 d_2004 d_2005 d_2006 d_2007 d_2008 d_2009 d_2010 d_2011 d_2012 d_2013 d_2014 d_2015 d_2016 d_2017 d_2018 d_2019 d_2020 rl_2004 rl_2011 d_rl_male rl_2004_male rl_2011_male, r
26
Appendix 6.5.4: Results of Difference-in-Difference analysis between Czech and Polish cross-border commuters to the neighbouring Bavarian border counties with an age-group specification
(Source: Output of STATA program)
The following regression command was entered in STATA program:
reg nr_commuters d_rl d_age1524 d_age2554 d_age5564 d_2001 d_2002 d_2003 d_2004 d_2005 d_2006 d_2007 d_2008 d_2009 d_2010 d_2011 d_2012 d_2013 d_2014 d_2015 d_2016 d_2017 d_2018 d_2019 d_2020 rl_2004 rl_2011 rl_2004_age1524 rl_2004_age2554 rl_2004_age5564 rl_2011_age1524 rl_2011_age2554 rl_2011_age5564 d_rl_age1524 d_rl_age2554 d_rl_age5564, r
27
Appendix 6.5.5: Results of Difference-in-Difference analysis between Polish and Aus- trian cross-border commuters to the neighbouring Bavarian border counties with a gender specification
(Source: Output of STATA program)
The following regression command was entered in STATA program:
reg nr_commuters d_rl d_male d_2001 d_2002 d_2003 d_2004 d_2005 d_2006 d_2007 d_2008 d_2009 d_2010 d_2011 d_2012 d_2013 d_2014 d_2015 d_2016 d_2017 d_2018 d_2019 d_2020 rl_2004 rl_2011 d_rl_male rl_2004_male rl_2011_male, r
28
Appendix 6.5.6: Results of Difference-in-Difference analysis between Polish and Aus- trian cross-border commuters to the neighbouring Bavarian border counties with an age- group specification
(Source: Output of STATA program)
The following regression command was entered in STATA program:
reg nr_commuters d_rl d_age1524 d_age2554 d_age5564 d_2001 d_2002 d_2003 d_2004 d_2005 d_2006 d_2007 d_2008 d_2009 d_2010 d_2011 d_2012 d_2013 d_2014 d_2015 d_2016 d_2017 d_2018 d_2019 d_2020 rl_2004 rl_2011 rl_2004_age1524 rl_2004_age2554 rl_2004_age5564 rl_2011_age1524 rl_2011_age2554 rl_2011_age5564 d_rl_age1524 d_rl_age2554 d_rl_age5564, r
29 Appendix 7: Introduction of the interviewees
1. Interviewee: Zuzana Vintrová
Zuzana Vintrová is the chairwoman of the board of the Asociace Pendlerů České repub- liky z.s. (“APČR”). The Association is a “state-registered, self-governing, independent, non-political, professional, voluntary and open interest organization of natural persons […] "APČR" operates in the Czech Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Italy, and possibly in other countries of the European Union.”
(Source: https://www.asociacependlerucr.cz/, accessed on 08.05.2021). Further infor- mation about Zuzana Vintrová and the APČR can be found on the above-mentioned web- site. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zuzana Vintrová participated in several TV and newspaper interviews and raised the awareness for the disadvantaged situation of the Czech cross-border commuters due to the closed borders. In the following, a selection of those interviews is provided.
https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/3270024-predsedkyne-asociace-pendleru-cr-zuzana- vintrova-o-momentalni-situaci-na-hranicich-s (accessed on 08.05.2021)
https://www.br.de/mediathek/video/abendschau-der-sueden-03022021-pleitewelle-we- gen-corona-angst-vor-pendlern-aus-tschechien-die-hunde-kita-
av:601a9d40a4da07001a6d3619 (accessed on 08.05.2021)
https://www.jihoceskatelevize.cz/archiv/host-jtv/3426.html (accessed on 08.05.2021)
2. Interviewee: Patrick Reitinger
Patrick Reitinger is a historian geographer at the Otto-Friedrich University Bamberg. His research is focused on special policy in rural-peripheral regions, border regions and cross- border relationships and historical-geographical research in East Central Europe, among others. He is currently leading the project “TransRes | Transnationale Resilienzstrategien Tschechische Arbeitsmigration und regionale Wirtschaftsförderung in Ostbayern nach Covid 19“. The project is investigating on the economic and geographical consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on Czech labor migration to Eastern Bavaria and how the regional economic development agencies deal with the consequences. Hereby, investiga- tions are exemplarily conducted in Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge (list number 14 in Ap- pendix 6.1), a county of Upper Franconia that shares a direct border with the Czech Re- public. In the following, links to the homepage of Patrick Reitinger and the official project homepage are provided.
https://www.patrickreitinger.com/ (accessed on 08.05.2021)
https://www.uni-bamberg.de/histgeo/forschung/transres/ (accessed on 08.05.2021)
3. Interviewee: Richard Brunner
Richard Brunner is managing director of the IHK Regensburg committee in Cham (list number 20 in Appendix 6.1). The IHK committee in Cham represents the economic in- terest of the region Cham in political affairs regarding regional policy. Since Cham is located in the border Czech-Bavarian border regions, Richard Brunner and the IHK
30
committee Cham are in charge of negotiations and communication on a bilateral level during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In the following, a link to the official homepage of the institution is provided.
https://www.ihk-regensburg.de/hauptnavigation/region/cham/gremium-cham-1686712 (accessed on 08.05.2021)
4. Interviewee: Dr. Alexander Puk
Dr. Alexander is the head of the economic department of the German Embassy in Prague.
“The economic department monitors Czech economic, transport, and environmental pol- icy and provides the federal government of Germany with economic information. It pro- motes contacts between government agencies, associations and companies from the Czech Republic and Germany and supports the activities of German exporters and inves- tors. The economic department is also in charge of German delegations whose main focus is on economic policy issues” (Source: https://prag.diplo.de/cz-de/botschaft/-/1305552, own translation, accessed on 08.05.2021)
5. Interviewee: Dana Biskup
Dana Biskup id deputy managing director of the EUREGIO-settlement in Freyung (list number 31 in Appendix 6.1). She is in charge of project management between Bavaria and the Czech Republic and Bavaria and Austria. “The EUREGIO is a cross-border as- sociation of cities, municipalities, districts and associations in the Bavarian, Czech and Upper Austrian border region. The EUREGIO takes care of the implementation of part- nerships and works on reviving common ground in history, culture, economic relation- ships and public life. It focuses on strengthening cross-border cooperations and promot- ing of contacts between the regions and institutions that are involved. It abolishes barriers between the populations and strengthens mutual trust between the involved countries”.
(Source: https://www.euregio.bayern/wir-ueber-uns/wer-wir-sind-ein-ueberblick/, own translation, accessed on 08.05.2020)
6. Interviewee: Jaroslava Pongratz
Jaroslava Pongratz is a network manager in the Bavarian-Bohemian border regions. She is active in the EUREGIO-settlement in Freyung and the Europaregion Donau Moldau (European region Danube-Vlatava). Among various other activities, she organizes the yearly Bavarian-Czech entrepreneur day. In the following, a link to the 3rd entrepreneur day in 2019 is provided.
https://www.europaregion.org/themen/3-bayerisch-tschechischer-unternehmertag-der- edm-als-hohepunkt-des-deutsch-tschchechischen-netzwerks-922.html (accessed on 08.05.2021)
31 7. Interviewee: Dr. Michael Moritz
“Michael Moritz studied economics (Diplom) and Czech philology (B.A.) at the univer- sities of Regensburg, Brünn and Prague from 1994 to 2002 with a special focus on re- gional economics, foreign trade theories and econometrics. He was a scholarship holder of the Robert Bosch Foundation ("teacher of economics") at the University of West Bo- hemia in Pilsen from 2002 to 2004. Between 2004 and 2007 Michael Moritz held a schol- arship from the IAB Graduate Programme and between 2005 and 2008 was a researcher attached to the Chair of Labour Market and Regional Policy at the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. He has been on the research staff of IAB since 2007.
Mr Moritz received his doctorate from the University of Regensburg in 2009 (Dr. rer.
pol.)” (Source: https://www.iab.de/en/ueberblick/mitarbeiter.aspx/Mitarbeiter/396, ac- cessed on 08.05.2021). He published various paper targeting the Czech-Bavarian labor market development since 1989. In the following, links to the official homepage of the IAB and the ongoing study BeCOVID, a recurring survey among companies and the im- pact of the COVID-19 pandemic, are provided. Within my thesis, his publications are one on the main sources within the literature review (Chapter 4).
https://www.iab.de/de/iab-aktuell.aspx (accessed on 08.05.2021) https://www.iab.de/3936/section.aspx (accessed on 08.05.2021)
The content of all interviews conducted can be found in the digital Appendix.
