2 THEORETICAL B AC KGRO UND
2.4 Borrowings and the process o f “Czechific atio n”
Bo rro w ing s are u nmo t ivat ed wo rds and t here fo re do no t po sses s a ny process o f “czechificat ion” in which the word is adapted to the Czech la nguag e s yst e m. The pro ces s o f bo rro win g o f new le x ica l it e ms is re a lize d
“Interference” refers to the first phase o f adoption o f lexical item whe n it is u sed in t he a ccept ing la ngu age in a part icu lar co nt e xt in a
6
The last phase is called the “int egrat ion”. The level o f integrat io n ma y var y fro m o ne it e m t o ano t her. New le xica l it e ms at first be c o me
Svobodová (2009) dist ingu ishes t he lexical items on the axis o f adapt io n: o n t he o ne s id e st a nd int egr at ed (do mest ic ize d) wo rds and o n t he ot her side no n- int egrat ed wo rds.
2.5 Orthog raphic and o rthoepi c adaptation
Ad apt at io n o f lo a nwo rds int o Czec h la ngu age co ns ist s o f t wo
7
8 mo re le x ica l var iet ie s a s e.g. wo rk oholik/ wo r kholik/ wo rkah o lik.
(Mra vina co vá, 2005, pp. 191 -192)
2.6 M orpho logic a l adaptation
Mo rpho lo g ica l ad apt at io n is a pro cess in whic h t he fo r m o f a lo a nwo rd is be ing t rans fo r med by t he u se o f a ffixe s w hic h e xpre ss t he gra mmat ic a l cat ego r ie s a nd o t her mo rpho lo gica l c at ego rie s . (Mra vina co vá, 2005, p. 92)
The fu nct io n o f lo a nwo rds is no t easily d e fina b le a s in Cze c h a lso mo rp ho lo g ic a lly u nmark ed lo a nwo rds are adapt ed, i. e. t ho se wh ic h do no t reco gniz e t he d if fere nce bet wee n a n u n ma rked no u n a nd ad je ct ive o r ad ver b a nd bet wee n a mo rp he me a nd a wo rd. The first pro ble m is t he o sc illat io n bet wee n a set expressio n a nd c o mpo u nd a nd t here fo re t he o sc illat io n in sp e lling: e. g. hot dog/hotdo g, soap ope ra/s oap -ope ra. In Cze c h t here is a t ende nc y t o co ns ider t he s e e xpres s io ns rat her as
co mpo und s be cau se t he ad ject iv e is u nin flect ed and no n-ado pt ed.
So me lo a nwo rds ca nno t be c la s sified int o a cert a in wo rd c las s
becau se t he s ynt act ic po s it io n is no t t he dist inct ive feat ure to differe nt iat e bet wee n no un, ad je ct ive a nd ad ver b: e.g. t he wo rd cash in t he se nt e nc e platit své závazky cash ma y fu nct io n e it he r as ad ver b o f ma nner o r
uninfle ct ed no un fu nct io ning a s ad ver bia l o f mea ns. (Mra vina co vá, 2005, p.
199)
2.6.1 Nouns
The le ast int egrat ed it e ms ar e t ho se le xe ms w hic h are u n infle ct ed a nd o f no mina l c hara ct er. Acco rd ing t o Mravinaco vá (2005) t hes e it e ms ma y be c las s ified int o se vera l gro ups:
- ina nimat e no uns w hic h do no t co rrespo nd w it h a n y Cz ec h t yp e o f dec linat io n (f antasy, love story, kara oke e t c.) . As t he se ar e u n in flect ed no u ns, t he y e xpres s gra mmat ica l me a ning by t he ir s ynt a ct ic po s it io n. T he usua l g e nder is neut er and st and s in co nt rast w it h t he nat ura l ge nder o f liv ing creat ures. Ho we ver, t he gra mmat ica l cat ego r y o f ge nd er ma y be in flu e nce d b y se ma nt ic a lly c lo se le xe ms a nd t he co nt ext in w h ic h t he y ar e used. (e.g. kno w-ho w a llo w s bo t h ma scu line a nd neut er ge nder).
9 - ina nimat e no uns w it h e nd ing w hic h do e s no t cle ar ly ind ic at e t he
ma sc u line o r fe min ine g e nder in de c linat io n. The c ho ice o f ge nder is t he n le d b y var io u s c ir cu mst a nce s inc lud ing a sso c it at io n w it h o t her le xe ms, e.g.
image ma y co rrespo nd w it h t he ide a o f “v zhled” ( ma scu line) , “podoba”
( fe min ine ) , “renomé”( neut er) and t here fo re a llo ws e it her no dec linat io n o r fo r ms o f bo t h ma sc u line a nd fe min ine de c linat io n.
- no uns w ho se gra mmat ica l ge nder is g ive n by t he ir nat ura l ge nd er a nd are no t subje ct to t he ir e nd ing are gradua lly c zec hifie d w it h su ffixe s -ka, -na et c. lik e au-pai r - au-pairka.
P lura l e xpre ss ed by bo u nd gra mmat ica l mo rphe me -s/-e s w it hin no u ns in E ng lis h is u sed in t wo fu nct io ns in C zec h. T he first fu nct io n is id e nt ic a l w it h Eng lis h. T his is t rue fo r uninfle ct ed no u ns a nd no u ns used o ccas io na lly o r t ho se in t he fir st pha se o f ado pt io n. The y d ist ingu is h t he d iffere nce bet wee n s ingu lar a nd p lura l , e. g. skinhea d-ski nhead s - “Hlouček deseti skinheads nevěřil svým očím ”. The ot her use o f e nd ing -s/-e s is a s a part o f le xe ms w it h t he se ma nt ic fe at ure of “ ma ss ” in t he ir se ma nt ic
st ruct ure whic h are u sed in p lura l a nd do no t imp ly t he e x ist e nce o f s ingu lar co u nt erpart : e.g . oldies, gend er s tudies, s kinhe ads . T he p lura l o f t he wo rd sk inhead ma y be fo r med by add ing C ze c h su fix -i in skin headi but fo r e xpre s s ing a co lle ct ive no u n t he fo r m skinh ead s is us ed. (Mra vina co vá, 2005, pp.195-196)
2.6.2 Adjectives
Ad je ct ives w h ic h are der ived fro m lo a n no uns are in mo st case s ca lled re lat io na l a d ject ive s b ec aus e t he y r e lat e to t he lo a n no uns bo t h se ma nt ica lly a nd fo r ma lly (dev elop er - de velope r ský). D iffe re nt t yp e o f ad ject ive s are t ho se w hic h ar e se e n as re la t io na l in t he s e ns e t hat t he y w ere a lr ead y ad apt ed as ad je ct ives fro m Eng lis h int o Cze c h: e.g. worldmuzikální fro m wo rldmu sic al. (Mra vina cová, 2005, p. 196)
Mravinacová (2005) defines four means of t he adaptatio n of ad ject ive s to Czec h co nju gat io n syst e m:
- add ing Cze c h su ffix t o wo rd -fo r mat io n b ase o f E ng lish o r ig in, e.g.
rezidentní fro m t he base re siden tial ,
10 -t rans fo r mat io n o f E ng lis h su ffix t o Czech equ iva le nt - su ffix -abl e is t ransfo r med t o -abilní (e. g. profitabilní),
- czec hific at io n o f t he w ho le co mpo ne nt s o f a co mpo u nd - para-mil itár ní f or para-milita ry,
- ca lqu e = wo rd-to -wo rd trans lat io n : mon ospac e - jednop rost oro vý .
Uninfle ct ed ad je ct ive s do no t undergo any mo rpho lo g ica l
mo d ific at io n. T ho se inc lud e qua lit at ive ad je ct ive s (e.g. f ree, singl) a nd wo rds w it h no n- adapt ed su ffixe s (e.g. use r-f riendly) a nd le x ica l u n it s whic h are fo r med by ad je ct iviz at io n o f pa rt ic ip le s o r prepo s it io na l
expressio ns: e.g. unplugged, offshore. (Mravinaco vá, 2005, pp. 197 -198)
2.6.3 Verb s
The pro ces s o f adapt at io n o f ver bs int o Czec h requ ire s t he c ha nge o f verba l parad ig m o r t he mo rp ho lo g ica l par ad ig m depe nd ing o n t he st art ing -po int be ing e it her a fo re ig n ver b o r a fo reig n mo rp he me. Mo st o f lo a n verbs fo r m d er ivat io na l gro ups t o get her wit h lo a n no u ns w hic h me a ns t hat t he ado pt io n o f a ver b is influ e nc ed by t he re lat io n bet wee n t he ver b a nd t he no u n a nd t he ver b t akes fo r ma l fe at ures fro m t he no u n. (jogging - joggovat). (Mra vina co vá, 2005, pp. 200 -201)
Cze c h co njug at io n s yst e m d ist ingu ishe s five ver b c la ss es a nd eac h verb c la ss co ns ist s o f ver b t yp es. The mo s t freque nt co njug at io n t yp e to whic h t he lo a ned ver bs are ad apt ed is t he t yp e -uje- / -ova-, whic h
co rrespo nds w it h t he t hird ver b c la s s a nd is r epres e nt ed b y t he co njug at io n pat t ern “kupovat”(e.g. lobbov at / lobbuje) .
According to Mravinacová (2005) c lassificat ion to a different co njugat io n t ype is le s s fr eque nt a nd usu a lly st ylist ica lly mar ked (e.g.
sno wb oa rdit - mark ed / sno wboa rdo vat - neut ra l) are repre se nt ed b y co njugat io n pat t ern “pro s it ”. I mmed iat e verbs fro m t he po int o f vie w o f d ime ns io n o f t he act io n w h ic h are u sed in in fo r ma l s it uat io ns o r as s la ng verbs u sua lly be lo ng t o t he seco nd ver b c lass, i. e. t he t ype -ne-/Ø. (conjugat io n pattern “t isknout ”).
Ver bs are a dapt ed d ir ect ly fro m fo re ig n la ngu age if t here is no wo rd whic h ser ve s as a st art ing po i nt fo r adapt at io n o f t he ver b (e.g. Cz ec h
11 bootovat fro m Eng lis h bo ot). The ada pt at io n ma y be rea liz ed e ve n t hro ug h t he use o f pre fix a nd t hu s is t he mea ns o f creat ing “asp ect ua l pa irs ”, w here suc h a cr eat ed ver b has p er fect ive asp ect . (nakone ktit se - kon ektit s e in t he meaning “připo jit se” used in IT techno lo gy adapted fro m con nect). The pro cess o f as pect ua l ada pt at io n is usu a lly gradua l but t here are ver bs w h ic h are vie we d as imper fe ct ive. T he mea n ing o f t ho se ver bs is ge nera lly “t o do spo rt ”: e.g. zorbov at, raf tovat. Ver bs t hat were fo r med by bo t h su ffix -uje / -ova a nd a pre fix are co ns id ered per fect iv e.
Aspe ct ua lly neut ra l ver bs fo r med by su ffix -uje- /- ova do no t
fo r ma lly d iffer e nt iat e t he per fect ive a nd imp er fect ive asp ect and t he asp ect ma y no t nec es sar ily be ind ic at ed by t he co nt e xt (e.g. “když jsme toho
hokejistu před dvěma roky draftovali, tušili jsme, že je dobrý ”).
(Mravinacová, 2005)
The se ver bs fo r m it s per fect ive equ iva le nt s b y add ing pre fixe s (e.g.
sken ovat/o sk enov at).
2.7 Abbreviation s and ac rony ms
Bozděchová (1997) claims that for eign abbreviat ions and acronyms are usua lly us ed in le ar ne d st yle a nd in ad vert is ing. Acro nyms repr es e nt t he me a ns o f t ext co mpre ss io n a nd are u nd erst oo d as ind epe nd e nt unit s. So me o f t he m ma y be use d in t he fu nct io n o f at tr ibut e in a nt epo s it io n (e.g. PR manaž er). (Bozděcho vá, 1997)
12 3 PRAC TI CA L ANAL YSIS
In t he pra ct ica l p art o f my t he s is I de a l w it h t he e xa mp le s o f
a ng lic is ms fo u nd in t he Cz ec h mag az ine s a nd o t her med ia acco rd ing t o t he cr it er ia pres e nt ed in t he Theo ret ic a l Ba ck gro und o f my wo rk. I int ro duce ind iv idua l e xcerpt s in t he s eque nt ia l o rder. Fu ll e xt ract s co nt a ining
a ng lic is ms are at t ached in t he ap pe nd ixe s in t he sa me o rder t he y are list ed in t his se ct io n. D ict io nar ie s us ed fo r ana lys is ar e Stručný etymologický slovník (1 978). Nová slova v č eštině: Slovník neologizmů (199 8), Nová slova v češtině 2: Slovník neologizmů (20 04), Nový akademický slovník cizích slov (200 5) a nd Online Ety mology d ictiona ry.
3.1 Fie ld of cu ltu re
3.1.1 “Cinepur”
“Cinepur” is a cu ltural magazine focused on the world o f cinema and films p u blis hed e ver y o t her mo nt h. The ar t ic le is a re vie w o f t he
do cu me nt ar y films fro m t he Int er nat io na l Fe st iva l o f Do cu me nt ar y F ilms in J ih la va. The fu ll read ing o f t he art ic le is t o be fo und in Ap pe nd i x A.
1. televizní
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, s ing u lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was der ived fro m lo a n noun “televisio n” (“televize” in Czech).
2. HB O
- abbre v iat io n o f “Ho me Bo x O ffic e” w hic h is a n Amer ic a n t e le vis io n c ha nne l. Pro nu nc iat io n o sc ilat e s bet wee n /e ɪt ʃ bi: o ʊ/ a nd / ha: be: o :/.
3. Nutprodukce
- trade mark de no t ing a C zec h pro duct io n co mpa ny. It is a hybr id e xpres s io n- co mbinat io n o f Cz ec h “pro du k ce” a nd E ng lis h “nut ”.
4. vi zuá lní
- ad je ct ive in 1s t ca se, singu lar, neut er gend er. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h
“visual” and has it s roots in Lat in. “Vizuální” was formed by mo dificat io n of consonant “s” to “z” and adding Czech suffix –ní.
13 5. Show!
- pro per no un de no t ing t he na me o f a film. Orig ina l pro nu c iat i o n /ʃo ʊ/ is ret a ined.
6. 5Ange ls
- expre s s io n re ferr ing t o t he na me o f a fic t io na l mus ic ba nd. Spe lling a nd pro nu nc iat io n is no t mo d ifie d. The u se o f Eng lis h na me is mo t ivat ed by vo gue.
7. ma sového vy v ra žďo vání
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, s ing u lar, neut er gend er. It was adapt ed fro m “ma s s murder”. Possible equivalent is “hro madné vyvražďování”.
8. ka me rou
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine g e nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “že na”. It was adapted fro m English “camera” (wit h origin in Italian). In Czech
“kamera” refers to a “video camera”.
9. infotain mentu
- no un in 2n d cas e, s ingu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”.
It was adapt ed fro m po rt ma nt eau wo rd fo rme d
fro m“informat io n”+“entertainment” denoting “broadcast material whose purpo se is t o info r m a nd e nt ert a in peo p le at t he sa me t ime”.
10. docu-ope ra
- expre s s io n fo r med by a s ho rt ened versio n o f “do cu me nt ” a nd “o pera”. It fu nct io ns as a no u n in s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder, infle ct io na l pat t ern
“žena”. Czech equivalent is “dokumentární opera”.
11. boxe ra
- no un in 2n d cas e, s ingu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “p á n”. It was adapted fro m English noun “box” in the meaning “a fist blow” by
add ing s u ffix -e r de no t ing a perso n w ho co mp et es in bo xing.
3.1.2 “Hudební rozhledy”
“Hudební rozhled y” are a mo nthly pro viding the insight into co nt e mpo rar y mu sic sc e ne. The art ic le int ro duces t he carre er o f fa mo u s So ut h Afr ic a n o pera sing er o n t he o ccasio n o f her per fo r ma nce in Pr ague.
The fu ll art ic le is at t ache d in Appe nd ix B.
14 12. M ET
- acro nym re ferr ing t o “Met ro po lit a n O per a” in New Yo rk 13. sta r
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nd er. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h
“star” in the meaning “fa mous perso n”. “Star” does not undergo inflect ion and may be subst ituted by Czech “hvězda”.
14. Ope ra New s
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he na me o f Ame r ic a n magaz ine a bo ut o pera. In Cze c h it is u nc ha nge d as it is a n o ffic ia l n a me.
15. PK F-Pra gue Phi lh a rmonia
- hybr id e xpr es s io n re ferr ing t o t he na me o f Prague P hilhar mo nic Orchestra, consist ing of Czech acronym PKF (“Pražská ko morní filharmo nie”) and English name “Prague Philharmo nia”.
16. mu zi ká lů
- no un in 2n d cas e, p lura l, ma sc u line ge nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
Borrowed fro m Eng lish “musical” by modificat ion o f consonants “s” and
“c” into “z” and “k”.
15 23. Kapského města
- lit era l t rans lat io n o f “Cap e To wn” w hic h is a c it y in So ut h Afr ic a 24. Ope ra lia
- pro per no un, re ferr ing t o annu a l I nt er nat io na l Opera Co mpet it io n. In Czech it may be modified to “Operalie” and in that case is inflected according to the pattern “růže”.
25. A rtsc ape Ope ra Hou se
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he o pera ho us e in Cape To wn 26. Cape Phi lha rmonic O rch est ra
- na me o f t he p hilhar mo nic o rc he st ra in C ape To wn 27. Wigmo re Ha ll
- na me o f t he mu s ic ha ll in Lo ndo n. I t is not infle ct ed 28. Ope ra
- pro per no un de no t ing t he c u lt ura l mag az ine. Pro nu c iat io n is r et a ined.
29. Holly wood Tod ay
- na me o f Amer ic a n o nline ma ga z ine de a ling w it h cu lt ure, art s 30. Washingtonské národní opeře
- “Washingt o nská náro d ní o pera ” is a lit er a l t rans la t io n o f “Wa s hingt o n Nat ional Opera”
31. Královské opeře v Covent Garden
-expr ess io n in t he me a ning o f “Ro ya l Op e ra Ho use in Co ve nt Garde n”, Lo ndo n
3.1.3 “A2”
“A2” is an independent magazine covering the topics o f cult ure in it s bro ader se ns e. The c ho se n art ic le d ea ls w it h t he spe c ific o f a lt er nat ive co mic s in Fre nc h lit erat ure. The w ho le art ic le is pre se nt ed in Appe nd ix C .
32. mainst rea mu
- no un in 2n d cas e, singu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”.
It was adapted fro m English “ma instream” with no modificat ions in spelling and pronunciat ion. Czech translat io n is “hlavní proud”.
16 33. mainst rea mový mi
- ad je ct ive in 7t h c as e, p lur a l, ne ut er gend er. It was der ived fro m lo a n no un
“ma instream” by adding Czech suffix.
34. fando me m
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, ma scu line g e nder, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
“Fando m” denotes a group of fans or people wit h the sa me interest.
Pro nunc iat io n wa s adapt ed in acco rda nc e w it h spe lling as / f ʌ nd ͻ m/.
Pro nunc iat io n wa s adapt ed in acco rda nc e w it h spe lling as / f ʌ nd ͻ m/.