Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta pedagogická
Katedra anglického jazyka
Bakalářská práce
ANGLICISMY A JEJICH VÝSKYT V ČESKÉM JAZYCE
Martina Regnerová
Plzeň 2014
University of West Bohemia Faculty of Education Department of English
Undergraduate Thesis
ANGLICISMS AND THEIR OCCURRENCE IN CZECH LANGUAGE
Martina Regnerová
Plzeň 2014
Tato stránka bude ve svázané práci Váš původní formulář Zadáni bak. práce (k vyzvednutí u sekretářky KAN)
Prohlašuji, že jsem práci vypracoval/a samostatně s použitím uvedené literatury a zdrojů.
V Plzni dne 12. dubna 2014 ...
Martina Regnerová
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the supervisor of my thesis PhDr. Naděžda Stašková, Ph.D.
for her guidance and support.
ABSTR ACT
Regnerová, Mart ina. Universit y o f West Bohemia. April, 2014.
Ang lic is ms a nd The ir Occurre nce in C zec h La ngu age.
Supervisor: PhDr. Naděžda Stašková, Ph.D.
This u ndergrad uat e t hesis dea ls w it h t he p ro cess o f lo a nwo rd
ado pt io n fro m t he E ng lis h la ngu age int o the Cze c h la ngu age a s o ne o f t he me a ns o f e nr ic h ing C zec h vo ca bu lar y. The t hes is is co mpo sed o f t wo ma in sect io ns.
In t he t heo ret ic a l p art o f my wo rk ge nera l t erms are de fined a nd t he in flu e nce o f int er nat io na lizat io n o n t h e ne ed fo r ado pt ing new wo rds int o t he Cze c h la ng uage a nd t he ir ada pt at io n int o Czec h la ngu age s yst e m are descr ibed.
The pra ct ica l p art int ro duce s ind iv id ua l e xa mp le s o f a ng lic is ms , whic h ha ve bee n fo u nd in c ho s e n art ic le s fro m d iffe re nt sp here s o f hu ma n act ivit y (cu lt ure, spo rt, law, co mput ing, hist o r y, eco no mics) . The
a ng lic is ms are c la ss if ie d o n t he ba s is o f o rt ho graphic, o rt ho ep ic a nd mo rp ho lo g ic a l cr it er ia g ive n in t he t heo ret ic a l bac kgro und.
The fo llo w ing part ana lyz e s t he fr eque nc y o f o ccurrence o f a ng lic is ms in t he ind iv idu a l sp heres a nd these e xpre ss io ns are lat er e xa mine d in t er ms o f wo rd c la sses a nd a br ie f co mme nt ar y o n re su lt s is pro vided.
K ey word s: a ng lic is ms, lo a nwo rd, int er na t io na liz at io n, fre que nc y, wo rd c las se s, fie lds o f hu ma n act ivit y.
TAB LE O F CONT EN TS
1 INTRODU CTION ... ... 1
2 THEORETICAL B AC KGRO UND .. . ... . .. . .... . ... 2
2.1 Ge nera l Ter ms. . . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .... ... . ... .. .. . . .. . .. . ... ... 2
2.2 Int ernat io na lizat io n... 2
2.3 De ve lo p me nt o f Eng lis h a nd Cz ec h re lat io ns ... 4
2.4 Borrowings and the process o f “Czechific atio n” ... 5
2.5 Orto graphic a nd o rt ho ep ic adapt at io n ... 6
2.6 Mo rpho lo g ica l ad apt at io n ... 8
2.6.1 No uns ... ... 8
2.6.2 Ad je ct ives. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . ... ... ... . ... 9
2.6.3 Ver bs. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. ... . ... ... ... . ... ... .. .... . . ... ... .. ... . . 10
2. 7 Acro nyms a nd a bbre v iat io ns... ... .. . . 11
3 PR ACTIC AL AN ALYSIS ... ... . . . 12
3.1 Fie ld o f cu lt ure ... ... . . 12
3.1.1 “C ine pur”... ... . 12
3.1.2 “Hude bn í ro z hled y” ... ... . 13
3.1.3 “A2”... ... ... . 15
3.2 Fie ld o f spo rt ... . . ... . 17
3.2.1 “Te nn is Ar e na” . . . .. . ... ... ... . ... ... ... . ... ... . . ... 17
3.2.2 “Je zde ct ví”... ... 22
3.3 Fie ld o f la w ... ... 25
3.3.1 “O bc ho d ní prá vo ”... ... ... 25
3.3.2 “Prá vo a ro d ina ” . ... ... 26
3.4 Fie ld o f co mput ing... ... 29
3.4.1 “Epo c ha ”... ... 29
3.4.2 “Te c hnet .cz”. . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .... ... . ... ... . .. ... . ... 33
3.4.3 “Mo bil.c z”... ... 37
3.5 Fie ld o f hist o r y... 40
3.5.1 “H ist o rie a vo je nst ví” .. ... 40
3.5.2 “S vět o braze m” ... ... 41
3. 6 Fie ld o f e co no mic s... ... 43
3.6.1 “Ba nko vnict ví” ... 43
3.6.2 “Eko no mie regu la ce...” ... 45
4 RESULTS O F PR ACTIC AL AN ALYSIS ... 48
4.1 Frequ e nc y o f a ng lic is ms in t he art ic le s ... 48
4.2 Co mme nt ar y o n ind iv idu a l wo rd c la ss es ... 49
5 CON CLUSION... 52
Re fere nce s... 53
Su mmar y in Cze c h... ... 55
Ap pe nd ix A. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . ... ... ... . ... . ... .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . .. . . 56
Ap pe nd ix B... 60
Ap pe nd ix C... ... 64
Ap pe nd ix D. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . ... ... ... . ... . ... .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . .. . . 67
Ap pe nd ix E ... 69
Ap pe nd ix F... ... 70
Ap pe nd ix G. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . ... ... ... . ... . ... .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . .. . . 75
Ap pe nd ix H. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . ... ... ... . ... . ... .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . .. . . 78
Ap pe nd ix I ... ... 80
Ap pe nd ix J... 84
Ap pe nd ix K. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . ... ... ... . ... . ... .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . .. . . 88
Ap pe nd ix L... ... 91
Ap pe nd ix M... 93
Ap pe nd ix N. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . ... ... ... . ... . ... .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . .. . . 96
1 1 INTR ODUC TI ON
The t he s is dea ls w it h t he p he no me no n o f a ng lic is ms appe ar ing in Cze c h la ngu age. I cho s e t he t o pic becau se it was a n o ppo rt unit y t o int er face my k no w ledg e o f E ng lis h w it h my s eco nd st ud y su bje ct Czec h la nguag e.
Cze c h vo ca bu la r y is in a larg e e xt e nt be in g enr ic hed by ado pt ing ne w wo rds fro m Eng lis h a s a co nsequ e nc e o f g lo ba l de ve lo p me nt a nd mo der n t echno lo g ie s. The lingu ist ic no r m o f E ng lis h bo rro wing s is u nst able a nd t here fo re in so me ca se s a llo w s t he pre se nce o f do u blet s. The de gree o f adapt at io n dep e nd s o n t he fre que nc y a nd t ime o f ado pt io n. Ba s ic r u le s o f o rt ho graphic a nd o rt ho ep ic adapt at io n are part ly co d ified in Č es ká
výslo vnostní norma (1995) but the codific atio n cannot cover the who le co nt e mpo rar y no r m.
The t heo ret ic a l p art o f my t he s is is d iv id e d int o s eve n c hapt ers a nd se ver a l su b head ings. I n t he fir st cha pt er ge nera l t er ms c o nc er ning
bo rro wing are int ro duced. The se co nd c ha pt er pro vide s ins ig ht int o
int er nat io na liz at io n a nd re aso ns fo r a s ig nific a nt po s it io n o f Eng lis h in t he prese nt t ime. I n t he ne xt c hapt er Cze c h-Eng lis h re lat io ns are br ie fly
d iscu s sed. The fo llo w ing c hapt ers dea l w it h t he pro cess o f ado pt io n o f Eng lis h lo a nwo rds a nd des cr ibe t he mat t er o f o rt ho ep ic a nd o rt ho graph ic adapt at io n a nd it s mo rp ho lo g ica l ad apt at io n. The la st chapt er addre ss es t he is su e o f a cro nyms a nd a bbr e viat io ns.
The pra ct ica l p art co ns ist s o f a n a na lys is o f ind iv id ua l a ng lic is ms used in s pec ific fie lds o f hu ma n act ivit y. Mat er ia ls c ho s e n fo r t his res earc h were var io u s art ic le s fro m d iffer e nt t ype s o f mag az ine s o r ot her med ia. T he me a ning a nd gra mmat ica l c haract er ist ic s a nd d iffere nce in s pe llin g a nd/o r pro nu nc iat io n are de scr ibe d us ing se vera l d ict io nar ie s. Furt her mo re, frequ e nc y o f a ng lic is ms in ind iv id ua l fie lds wa s ca lc u lat ed as w e ll as t he o ccurrence o f wo rd c la ss es in t ot al.
2 2 THEOR ET ICA L B ACK GROUND
2.1 Gene ra l te rms
New le xic a l u nit s in Cze c h ca n be fo r med fro m e xist ing wo rds by t hree mea ns o f wo rd -fo r mat io n: de r ivat io n, co mpo s it io n a nd a bbre viat io n.
Ho wever, ever y la ngua ge is a lso be ing e nr ic hed by lo a nwo rds: i.e. wo rds whic h are bo rro wed fro m fo re ig n la ngua g es. (Filip ec, 1985, p. 102)
Bo rro w ing repre se nt s t he mo st pro duct ive mea ns o f e nr ic hing Cz ec h vo ca bu la r y. T he ne ed fo r us ing lo a nwo rds is d eep ly co nnect ed w it h t he e xt ra lingu ist ic re a lit y.
Rap id de ve lo p me nt in ma ny are as o f hu ma n a ct ivit y s uc h a s sc ie nc e, art s, spo rt s and bu s ine ss co rrespo nde nce r equ ire s t he us e o f ne w
int er nat io na l e xpre s s io ns w hic h are co mpr e he ns ib le fo r a ll us ers o f a la nguag e o r such wo rds t hat de no t e o bject s a nd new inve nt io ns w hic h do not have any Czech equiva lent. (Svobodová, 2001, p. 108)
According to Bozděchová (1997) t he term anglic ism ma y be und erst o o d e it her in bro ader o r narro wer se nse. Ang lic is ms in bro ader se nse are t ho se lo a nwo rds w hic h fu nct io n at all ling u ist ic le ve ls a nd are fu lly ad ju st ed t o Czec h la nguag e w hile a ng lic is ms in narro wer se nse are Eng lish le xic a l u nit s w hic h w ere no t mo d ified in o rder to fit int o t he Czec h la nguag e s yst e m a nd st ill ret a in ing t he ir o r ig ina l fo r m. S vo bo do vá (2001) de fine s a ng lic is ms as “le x ic a l it e ms w h ic h are o f c le ar ly E ng lis h o r ig in fro m t he fo r ma l po int o f view ( i.e . fro m t he po int o f vie w o f o rt ho graphy, o rt ho ep y a nd mo rp ho lo g y) a nd are inco rp o rat ed int o Czech vo ca bu la r y s yst e m a s new e xpre s s io ns. ” Ang lic is ms d iffer fro m int er nat io na lis ms whic h were a dapt ed pr ima r ily fro m Lat in a nd are us ed as g e nera l t er ms in sc ie nt ific co nt e xt s (suc h a s med ic ine) in d iffere nt la ngua ges.
2.2 Inte rnationa li zation
Int ernat io na lizat io n be lo ng s t o o ne o f t he mo st s ig n ific a nt t ende nc ie s in t he d e ve lo p me nt o f Cz ec h la nguag e. Ge nera lly, int er nat io na liz ed
la nguag e must fu lfill co mmu n icat io n nee d s o n int er nat io na l le ve l a nd at t he sa me t ime ret a in it s o w n indep e nde nce. This is t rue fo r Eng lish, w hic h is co nsid ered t he “ la ngu age nu mbe r o ne ”. Eng lish is spo ke n by mo re t ha n 370
3 millio n p eo p le as t he ir pr imar y la nguag e but it s us e as a seco nda r y
la nguag e o ver t he ye ars e xt e nde d far be yo nd t he area o f Eng lis h spea k ing co unt r ie s. Curre nt ly, Eng lis h is t he mo st freque nt ly u sed la nguag e in
sc ie nt ific res earc h a nd it is w ide ly u se d in co mmer c ia l sp here t ha nk s to t he de ve lo p me nt o f Br it is h a nd A mer ic a n bro adcast ing indu st r ie s. (Svo bo do vá, 2009, p.21)
The object ive reaso ns for English being in the posit ion o f “lingua franca” are difficu lt to describe and have been a subject of study o f many ling u ist s. The st at us o f Eng lish a s a n int er nat io na l la nguag e ha s cert a in ad va nt age s, but a lso so me d is ad va nt ages. Baug h & C a ble (1993) c la im t hat t he co re o f t he pro ble m lie s in t he fact t ha t t here is no univer sa l me a ns t o descr ibe t he o ver a ll co mp le x it y o f a la ngu age . Ther e fo re t he le ve l o f d ifficu lt y o f a la nguag e is qu it e su bje ct ive as it is o nly ba se d o n a su bje ct ive p ercept io n o f no n - nat ive spe ak ers w ho t ry t o acqu ir e t he la nguag e. Ne vert he le ss, in co nt e mpo rar y t heo r y t he le ve l o f d ifficu lt y o f ind iv idua l ling u ist ic feat ure s is t ake n int o co ns id erat io n a nd vie we d in co nne ct io n w it h t he “ma rked ness” w h ic h is co ns idered a part o f “u n iver sa l gra mma r ”. Fro m t his po int o f view t he “c o re” and t he “p er ip her y” o f t he gra mma r is d ist ingu is hed . T he co re set s so me pr inc ip le s o f u niver sa l
gra mma r w hile t he p er ip her y inc lu de s st ruct ures wh ic h are mark ed by t he ir de ve lo p me nt in hist o r y, bo rro wing s et c. B aug h & Ca ble (19 93) d ist ingu is h se ver a l fe at ures w hic h are t ake n int o acco unt whe n det er min ing t he
“difficult y” o f English.
The first impo rt ant feat ure is Co s mo po lit a n vo ca bu lar y o f E ng lis h whic h is co nne ct ed w it h it s hist o ry. Alt ho ugh E ng lis h be lo ngs t o t he gro up o f Ger ma n ic la ng uage s, it s vo ca bu lar y wa s dur ing it s de ve lo p me nt
in flu e nce d b y Lat in lo a nwo rds d irect ly a nd ind ire ct ly t hro ugh t he med iu m o f Fre nc h a nd Eng lis h a lso co n t a ins bo rrow ings fro m o t her Ro ma nic la nguag es suc h a s It a lia n, Spa n ish a nd ma ny o t hers.
Infle ct io na l s imp lic it y o f E ng lis h is a n impo rt ant aspect in
perceiving t he “difficult y” o f a language. Originally, Old English used to ha ve mo re in fle ct io ns t ha n Mo der n Eng lish w hic h is s imilar t o Ger ma n, fo r inst a nce. Ho we ver, in t he hist o r ica l de ve lo pme nt Eng lish mo rp ho lo g ic a l
4 s yst e m ha s bee n gra dua lly s imp lified a nd t he infle ct io ns wer e d imin is hed to t he spe c ific fo r m fo r t he po ss es s ive cas e a nd t he p lura l w it hin no u ns.
Ano t her s ig n ifica nt ad va nt age o f Eng lis h in co mpar iso n w it h o t her Ger ma nic o r Ro ma nc e la ngu age s is repre s e nt ed by t he ge nder det er minat io n in a cco rda nce w it h me a ning. Liv ing cre at ures are de fine d a s mas cu line o r fe min ine dep e nd ing o n t he ir nat ura l ge n de r and ina n imat e o bject s are co ns id ered ne ut er in E ng lis h , w her eas e.g. in Ger ma n t he nat ura l g e nder o f de no t ed o bject ha s no influe nce o n t he gra mmat ica l c at ego ry o f ge nder, t hus no n- nat ive s peak ers ha ve t o me mo r iz e t he ge nder o f ea c h new no u n t he y st ud y.
On t he o t her ha nd, E ng lis h a lso co nt a ins feat ures w hic h hind er it d ifficu lt to le ar n. The mo st co ns ider a ble o ne is t he d is crep a nc y bet we e n spe lling a nd pro nu nc iat io n o f ind iv id ua l wo rds. This inco ns ist e nc y a nd unpr ed ict ib ilit y is d is p la ye d in t he u se o f var io us spe lling s fo r t he s a me so und. (Bau g h & Ca ble, p. 10 -12, 1993)
Svobodová (2009) claims that for the Czech language,
int er nat io na liz at io n is co nne ct ed w it h t he requ ir e me nt o f ad o pt ing new fo re ig n wo rds a nd adapt ing t he m int o Cze c h la ngua ge s yst e m . T his
t ende nc y is o n t he r is e as t he e xt ra ling u ist ic c ir cur mst a nc es e na ble co nt act bet wee n Cz ec h a nd E ng lis h in so c ia l a nd cu lt ura l co nt e xt .
2.3 Deve lop ment o f Eng li sh and C zech relations
The first co nt act s o f Cz ec h la nd s w it h E ng lis h dat es ba ck t o t he ru le o f t he H a bs burgs. I n t he 17t h ce nt ur y a gro up o f C zec h e xu la nt s fo u nd t he ir re fug e in E ng la nd. In t ho se t ime s t he Cze c h were ins p ired by E ng lis h
lit erar y wo rks. (V iere ck, 2005 , p. 259). Ho wever, t he large st influe nce o f Eng lis h o n Cz ec h w as dur ing t he 20t h ce nt ury ma in ly a ft er t he Fir st Wo r ld War a nd in t he s ixt ie s. Aft er t he co mmu nist revo lut io n in 19 48 t his
in flu e nce w as e liminat ed as t he We st ern wo rld w as co ns id ered a po lit ic a l e ne my. The large st wave o f a ng lic is ms int o Czec h la ngua ge wa s bro ught a ft er t he Ve lvet re vo lut io n in 198 9 , whic h re flect ed t he c ha nge in po lit ica l sit uat io n a nd co nse que nt ly new d irect io n to wards t he We st (ma in ly t he US A) a nd it s cu lt ure, eco no mic s et c. Wit h t he abo lit io n o f ce nso rship t he
5 la nguag e wa s a lso influ e nc ed t hro ugh t he me d iu m o f t ra ns lat io ns o f E ng lis h lit erary works. (Bozděchová, 1997 , p. 273)
2.4 Borrowings and the process of “Czechification”
Bo rro w ing s are u nmo t ivat ed wo rds and t here fo re do no t po sses s a ny st ylist ic o r expre ss ive co nno t at io n u nlike t he do me st ic wo rds. A lo a nwo rd ma y o r ma y no t ha ve it s equ iva le nt in do me st ic la ngua ge . Lo a nwo rds w hic h do not ha ve a do me st ic equ iva le nt were ad apt ed as a resu lt o f t he a bs e nce o f a do me st ic wo rd re fer r ing to an o bject o r a part o f rea lit y w hic h nee ds t o be de no t ed. These wo rds usu a lly be co me a dapt ed qu ick ly. O n t he o t her ha nd, t here are lo a nwo rds t hat o nly e nr ic h t he me a ns o f de no t ing a n o bje ct whic h a lre ad y ha s it s de s ig nat io n in C zec h. Suc h a bo rro wing appe ars in t he la ngua ge in para lle l w it h it s Cze c h s yno n ym a nd t he s yno nyms ma y be used int erc ha ngea b ly (hvězdář-astronom) o r wit h var io us st ylist ic feat ures, e.g. rozhla s- neut ra l/rádio-co llo qu ia l. (Ha user, 1986, p. 57 )
Ado pt io n o f a fo re ig n le xic a l it e m int o Cz ec h happ e ns dur ing t he process o f “czechificat ion” in which the word is adapted to the Czech la nguag e s yst e m. The pro ces s o f bo rro win g o f new le x ica l it e ms is re a lize d t hro ugh t he co nt act o f “so urce la nguag e ”, i.e. t he la ng uage fro m w hic h t he wo rds are t aken, a nd t he “acc ept ing la ngu age ”. “Accept ing la ngu age ” ma y a lso fu nct io n as me d iat e la ngua ge t hro ugh whic h t he wo rd is t rans ferred t o
“end language”. (Svobodová, 2009, p. 22)
J. Furd ík (1994) det er mine s t hree p ha se s in t he pro ce ss o f ado pt io n o f a le xic a l it e m fro m so urce la ngu age t o acce pt ing la ng uage : int er fere nc e, adapt at io n a nd int egrat io n. S vo bo do vá (20 09) d iscu ss es t he ind iv idu a l phas es:
“Interference” refers to the first phase o f adoption o f lexical item whe n it is u sed in t he a ccept ing la ngu age in a part icu lar co nt e xt in a part icu lar fo r m w it h a part ic u lar mea ning. The it e m ma y ap pear a s e it her int e nt io na l o r unint e nt io na l. Whe n it is u s ed u nint e nt io na lly a s a mea ns o f la nguag e act ua liz at io n (e.g. in t he la ngua ge o f ne wsp aper s fo r t he purpo se o f draw ing at t ent io n o f t he reader s t o t he t ext o r in o rder to be o rig ina l) t he it e m ma y no t nec essar ily re ac h t he w ho le pro cess o f ad o pt io n a nd simp ly re ma ins a n e xa mp le o f ind iv idua l o cca sio na l le x ic a l it e m. Le xic a l it e ms
6 used u nint e nt io na lly, o r appear ing as t he co ns eque nce o f inac curat e
t ranslat io n ma y a lso no t be inco rpo rat ed int o t he la ngu age s yst e m .
The seco nd p ha se - “ada pt at io n” - ha ppe ns w he n t he le x ica l it e m is ad just ed t o t he s yst e m o f “acc ept ing la ngu age ”. There are s e vera l ad apt ing me c ha nis ms in r esp ect to t he ind iv id ua l lingu ist ic le ve ls a nd ba se d o n ling u ist ic c ircu mst a nce s w hic h inc lude co nt e mpo rar y la ng uag e cust o m (usage), a na lo g y w it h o t her ling u ist ic mea ns , a nd po ss ib ly t he
e xt ra lingu ist ic c ir cu mst a nc es.
The last phase is called the “int egrat ion”. The level o f integrat io n ma y var y fro m o ne it e m t o ano t her. New le xica l it e ms at first be c o me me mbers o f t he per ip hera l part o f t he la nguage s yst e m w hic h co nt a in s la nguag e mea ns t hat are usua lly fo cused o n narro wed sp here s o f
co mmu nic at io n o r are st ylist ica lly co lo ure d suc h a s s la ng is ms, argo t is m s, le ar ned wo rds et c. The se it e ms ma y mo ve fro m t he per ip her y t o t he ce nt re by t he ir frequ e nt and rep eat ed use e sp ec ia lly in t he ma s s med ia co nt ext and t he y are t here fo re no t co ns idered t er ms a ny mo re ( t he y u nderwe nt t he pro cess o f det er mino lo g iz at io n) a nd are u sed e ve n o ut o f t he ir o rig ina l co nt ext s. (Svo bo do vá, 2009, p. 23 -24)
Svobodová (2009) dist ingu ishes t he lexical items on the axis o f adapt io n: o n t he o ne s id e st a nd int egr at ed (do mest ic ize d) wo rds and o n t he ot her side no n- int egrat ed wo rds.
2.5 Orthog raphic and o rthoepi c adaptation
Ad apt at io n o f lo a nwo rds int o Czec h la ngu age co ns ist s o f t wo
pro cesse s t hat are int erco nnect ed - o rt ho graph ic a nd o rt ho ep ic ad apt at io n whic h co nverge w it h e ac h o t her. (Mra vin a co vá, 2005, p. 190)
The d iffere nce bet wee n spe lling a nd pro nunc iat io n o f E ng li s h wo rds is acco rd ing t o Mravinaco vá (2005) re flec t ed in Cze c h by t hree me a ns : - pro nunc iat io n is st a bilize d in a cco rda nc e w it h spe lling ( e.g. f otbal), - spe lling is st abiliz ed in a cco rda nce w it h pro nu nc iat io n ( e.g. džentlmen), - t he d iffere nce bet wee n pro nu nc iat io n a nd spe lling is r et a ined ( e.g. blues).
The pre ferre d mea ns c ha nged dur ing la st ce nt ur ie s. While in “t he Ru le s o f Cze c h Ort o graphy ” pu blished in 1957 cze c hified spe lling o f wo rds in a cco rda nce w it h pro nu nc ia t io n pre va ile d, at present t here is a c le ar
7 t ende nc y t o wards ret a ining t he d iffe re nc e bet wee n sp e lling a nd
pro nu nc iat io n a nd t hu s ac cept ing t he o rig ina l fo r m o f ado pt ed wo rd . This t ende nc y is s uppo rt ed a lso by d iffere nt d ist r ibut io n o f p ho ne me s in
Eng lis h. This is re fle ct ed in t he u se o f co nso na nt co mbinat io ns su c h as [e ɪ]
as in public relati ons [pʌblɪk r ileɪʃnz] w hic h rese mb le s Cze c h co mbinat io n o f co nso na nt s used in “g e ner a l Cze c h” (e. g. mladej). Also t he o rig ina l fo r m o f E ng lis h s u ffix -ing is pr e ferred t o Czec h a lt erat io n -in k in in fle ct ed fo r ms a nd der ive d wo rds.
(doping - dopingu, dopingový rat her t ha n dopinku, dopinkový).
(Mravinacová, 2005, p. 191)
Ad apt at io n in acco rda nc e w it h sp e lling is t yp ic a l ly a pp lied fo r wo rds w it h s imilar s pe lling a nd pro nu nc iat io n in Eng lis h. T he se it e ms are u sua lly adapt ed to Czec h by t hree ma jo r me a ns o f su bst it ut io n
- subst it ut io n o f ind iv idua l let t ers - e. g. Sitcom - sitko m, - subst it ut io n o f gro ups o f so u nds - e. g. scan - sken,
- s imp lific at io n o f do ub le let t ers - e.g. controlling - kont rolin g .
Ad apt at io n in acco rda nc e w it h pro nu nc i at io n represe nt s a c ha ng e in so me so u nd s w hic h e x ist in E ng lis h but are mis s ing in t he Cz ec h p ho net ic s yst e m:
- so und [θ or ð] is reflected as Czech [t] in thriller [triller],
- so und [q] is re fle ct ed as C zec h [k] in sq uash [sk woʃ], - so und [w] is re fle ct e d as C ze c h [v] in wi ndo ws [ vɪ ndo us] , - so und [æ] is re flect ed a s Cze c h [e] in ba ckpac ke r [bekpe kr] . (Mravinacová, 2005, p. 191)
Ort ho ep ic a dapt at io n inc lu de s se vera l mo d ific at io ns. A sp irat io n a ft er pho ne me s k, p, t. is o mit t ed a nd vo ic e le ss co nso na nt s rep l a ce t he vo iced o nes at t he e nd o f t he wo rd as in [ ka: rviŋ g] .
Ano t her impo rt ant aspect is t he c ha nge o f wo rd st ress whic h is in t he pro cess o f adapt at io n s hift ed o n t he first sylla b le w hic h is t he co mmo n po sit io n o f pr imar y st ress in Cz ec h la ngua ge.
All in a ll, t he o rt ho ep ic no r m is qu it e u nst a ble a nd in so me ca se s a llo w s t wo equa l pro nu nc iat io n var iet ie s: mes sen ge r [mesindžr or
mesendžr] o r banner [ben r or ban er]. The inst a bilit y so met ime s lead s t o
8 mo re le x ica l var iet ie s a s e.g. wo rk oholik/ wo r kholik/ wo rkah o lik.
(Mra vina co vá, 2005, pp. 191 -192)
2.6 M orpho logic a l adaptation
Mo rpho lo g ica l ad apt at io n is a pro cess in whic h t he fo r m o f a lo a nwo rd is be ing t rans fo r med by t he u se o f a ffixe s w hic h e xpre ss t he gra mmat ic a l cat ego r ie s a nd o t her mo rpho lo gica l c at ego rie s . (Mra vina co vá, 2005, p. 92)
The fu nct io n o f lo a nwo rds is no t easily d e fina b le a s in Cze c h a lso mo rp ho lo g ic a lly u nmark ed lo a nwo rds are adapt ed, i. e. t ho se wh ic h do no t reco gniz e t he d if fere nce bet wee n a n u n ma rked no u n a nd ad je ct ive o r ad ver b a nd bet wee n a mo rp he me a nd a wo rd. The first pro ble m is t he o sc illat io n bet wee n a set expressio n a nd c o mpo u nd a nd t here fo re t he o sc illat io n in sp e lling: e. g. hot dog/hotdo g, soap ope ra/s oap -ope ra. In Cze c h t here is a t ende nc y t o co ns ider t he s e e xpres s io ns rat her as
co mpo und s be cau se t he ad ject iv e is u nin flect ed and no n-ado pt ed.
So me lo a nwo rds ca nno t be c la s sified int o a cert a in wo rd c las s
becau se t he s ynt act ic po s it io n is no t t he dist inct ive feat ure to differe nt iat e bet wee n no un, ad je ct ive a nd ad ver b: e.g. t he wo rd cash in t he se nt e nc e platit své závazky cash ma y fu nct io n e it he r as ad ver b o f ma nner o r
uninfle ct ed no un fu nct io ning a s ad ver bia l o f mea ns. (Mra vina co vá, 2005, p.
199)
2.6.1 Nouns
The le ast int egrat ed it e ms ar e t ho se le xe ms w hic h are u n infle ct ed a nd o f no mina l c hara ct er. Acco rd ing t o Mravinaco vá (2005) t hes e it e ms ma y be c las s ified int o se vera l gro ups:
- ina nimat e no uns w hic h do no t co rrespo nd w it h a n y Cz ec h t yp e o f dec linat io n (f antasy, love story, kara oke e t c.) . As t he se ar e u n in flect ed no u ns, t he y e xpres s gra mmat ica l me a ning by t he ir s ynt a ct ic po s it io n. T he usua l g e nder is neut er and st and s in co nt rast w it h t he nat ura l ge nder o f liv ing creat ures. Ho we ver, t he gra mmat ica l cat ego r y o f ge nd er ma y be in flu e nce d b y se ma nt ic a lly c lo se le xe ms a nd t he co nt ext in w h ic h t he y ar e used. (e.g. kno w-ho w a llo w s bo t h ma scu line a nd neut er ge nder).
9 - ina nimat e no uns w it h e nd ing w hic h do e s no t cle ar ly ind ic at e t he
ma sc u line o r fe min ine g e nder in de c linat io n. The c ho ice o f ge nder is t he n le d b y var io u s c ir cu mst a nce s inc lud ing a sso c it at io n w it h o t her le xe ms, e.g.
image ma y co rrespo nd w it h t he ide a o f “v zhled” ( ma scu line) , “podoba”
( fe min ine ) , “renomé”( neut er) and t here fo re a llo ws e it her no dec linat io n o r fo r ms o f bo t h ma sc u line a nd fe min ine de c linat io n.
- no uns w ho se gra mmat ica l ge nder is g ive n by t he ir nat ura l ge nd er a nd are no t subje ct to t he ir e nd ing are gradua lly c zec hifie d w it h su ffixe s -ka, -na et c. lik e au-pai r - au-pairka.
P lura l e xpre ss ed by bo u nd gra mmat ica l mo rphe me -s/-e s w it hin no u ns in E ng lis h is u sed in t wo fu nct io ns in C zec h. T he first fu nct io n is id e nt ic a l w it h Eng lis h. T his is t rue fo r uninfle ct ed no u ns a nd no u ns used o ccas io na lly o r t ho se in t he fir st pha se o f ado pt io n. The y d ist ingu is h t he d iffere nce bet wee n s ingu lar a nd p lura l , e. g. skinhea d-ski nhead s - “Hlouček deseti skinheads nevěřil svým očím ”. The ot her use o f e nd ing -s/-e s is a s a part o f le xe ms w it h t he se ma nt ic fe at ure of “ ma ss ” in t he ir se ma nt ic
st ruct ure whic h are u sed in p lura l a nd do no t imp ly t he e x ist e nce o f s ingu lar co u nt erpart : e.g . oldies, gend er s tudies, s kinhe ads . T he p lura l o f t he wo rd sk inhead ma y be fo r med by add ing C ze c h su fix -i in skin headi but fo r e xpre s s ing a co lle ct ive no u n t he fo r m skinh ead s is us ed. (Mra vina co vá, 2005, pp.195-196)
2.6.2 Adjectives
Ad je ct ives w h ic h are der ived fro m lo a n no uns are in mo st case s ca lled re lat io na l a d ject ive s b ec aus e t he y r e lat e to t he lo a n no uns bo t h se ma nt ica lly a nd fo r ma lly (dev elop er - de velope r ský). D iffe re nt t yp e o f ad ject ive s are t ho se w hic h ar e se e n as re la t io na l in t he s e ns e t hat t he y w ere a lr ead y ad apt ed as ad je ct ives fro m Eng lis h int o Cze c h: e.g. worldmuzikální fro m wo rldmu sic al. (Mra vina cová, 2005, p. 196)
Mravinacová (2005) defines four means of t he adaptatio n of ad ject ive s to Czec h co nju gat io n syst e m:
- add ing Cze c h su ffix t o wo rd -fo r mat io n b ase o f E ng lish o r ig in, e.g.
rezidentní fro m t he base re siden tial ,
10 -t rans fo r mat io n o f E ng lis h su ffix t o Czech equ iva le nt - su ffix -abl e is t ransfo r med t o -abilní (e. g. profitabilní),
- czec hific at io n o f t he w ho le co mpo ne nt s o f a co mpo u nd - para-mil itár ní f or para-milita ry,
- ca lqu e = wo rd-to -wo rd trans lat io n : mon ospac e - jednop rost oro vý .
Uninfle ct ed ad je ct ive s do no t undergo any mo rpho lo g ica l
mo d ific at io n. T ho se inc lud e qua lit at ive ad je ct ive s (e.g. f ree, singl) a nd wo rds w it h no n- adapt ed su ffixe s (e.g. use r-f riendly) a nd le x ica l u n it s whic h are fo r med by ad je ct iviz at io n o f pa rt ic ip le s o r prepo s it io na l
expressio ns: e.g. unplugged, offshore. (Mravinaco vá, 2005, pp. 197 -198)
2.6.3 Verb s
The pro ces s o f adapt at io n o f ver bs int o Czec h requ ire s t he c ha nge o f verba l parad ig m o r t he mo rp ho lo g ica l par ad ig m depe nd ing o n t he st art ing - po int be ing e it her a fo re ig n ver b o r a fo reig n mo rp he me. Mo st o f lo a n verbs fo r m d er ivat io na l gro ups t o get her wit h lo a n no u ns w hic h me a ns t hat t he ado pt io n o f a ver b is influ e nc ed by t he re lat io n bet wee n t he ver b a nd t he no u n a nd t he ver b t akes fo r ma l fe at ures fro m t he no u n. (jogging - joggovat). (Mra vina co vá, 2005, pp. 200 -201)
Cze c h co njug at io n s yst e m d ist ingu ishe s five ver b c la ss es a nd eac h verb c la ss co ns ist s o f ver b t yp es. The mo s t freque nt co njug at io n t yp e to whic h t he lo a ned ver bs are ad apt ed is t he t yp e -uje- / -ova-, whic h
co rrespo nds w it h t he t hird ver b c la s s a nd is r epres e nt ed b y t he co njug at io n pat t ern “kupovat”(e.g. lobbov at / lobbuje) .
According to Mravinacová (2005) c lassificat ion to a different co njugat io n t ype is le s s fr eque nt a nd usu a lly st ylist ica lly mar ked (e.g.
sno wb oa rdit - mark ed / sno wboa rdo vat - neut ra l) are repre se nt ed b y co njugat io n pat t ern “pro s it ”. I mmed iat e verbs fro m t he po int o f vie w o f d ime ns io n o f t he act io n w h ic h are u sed in in fo r ma l s it uat io ns o r as s la ng verbs u sua lly be lo ng t o t he seco nd ver b c lass, i. e. t he t ype -ne-/Ø. (conjugat io n pattern “t isknout ”).
Ver bs are a dapt ed d ir ect ly fro m fo re ig n la ngu age if t here is no wo rd whic h ser ve s as a st art ing po i nt fo r adapt at io n o f t he ver b (e.g. Cz ec h
11 bootovat fro m Eng lis h bo ot). The ada pt at io n ma y be rea liz ed e ve n t hro ug h t he use o f pre fix a nd t hu s is t he mea ns o f creat ing “asp ect ua l pa irs ”, w here suc h a cr eat ed ver b has p er fect ive asp ect . (nakone ktit se - kon ektit s e in t he meaning “připo jit se” used in IT techno lo gy adapted fro m con nect). The pro cess o f as pect ua l ada pt at io n is usu a lly gradua l but t here are ver bs w h ic h are vie we d as imper fe ct ive. T he mea n ing o f t ho se ver bs is ge nera lly “t o do spo rt ”: e.g. zorbov at, raf tovat. Ver bs t hat were fo r med by bo t h su ffix -uje / -ova a nd a pre fix are co ns id ered per fect iv e.
Aspe ct ua lly neut ra l ver bs fo r med by su ffix -uje- /- ova do no t
fo r ma lly d iffer e nt iat e t he per fect ive a nd imp er fect ive asp ect and t he asp ect ma y no t nec es sar ily be ind ic at ed by t he co nt e xt (e.g. “když jsme toho
hokejistu před dvěma roky draftovali, tušili jsme, že je dobrý ”).
(Mravinacová, 2005)
The se ver bs fo r m it s per fect ive equ iva le nt s b y add ing pre fixe s (e.g.
sken ovat/o sk enov at).
2.7 Abbreviation s and ac rony ms
Bozděchová (1997) claims that for eign abbreviat ions and acronyms are usua lly us ed in le ar ne d st yle a nd in ad vert is ing. Acro nyms repr es e nt t he me a ns o f t ext co mpre ss io n a nd are u nd erst oo d as ind epe nd e nt unit s. So me o f t he m ma y be use d in t he fu nct io n o f at tr ibut e in a nt epo s it io n (e.g. PR manaž er). (Bozděcho vá, 1997)
12 3 PRAC TI CA L ANAL YSIS
In t he pra ct ica l p art o f my t he s is I de a l w it h t he e xa mp le s o f
a ng lic is ms fo u nd in t he Cz ec h mag az ine s a nd o t her med ia acco rd ing t o t he cr it er ia pres e nt ed in t he Theo ret ic a l Ba ck gro und o f my wo rk. I int ro duce ind iv idua l e xcerpt s in t he s eque nt ia l o rder. Fu ll e xt ract s co nt a ining
a ng lic is ms are at t ached in t he ap pe nd ixe s in t he sa me o rder t he y are list ed in t his se ct io n. D ict io nar ie s us ed fo r ana lys is ar e Stručný etymologický slovník (1 978). Nová slova v č eštině: Slovník neologizmů (199 8), Nová slova v češtině 2: Slovník neologizmů (20 04), Nový akademický slovník cizích slov (200 5) a nd Online Ety mology d ictiona ry.
3.1 Fie ld of cu ltu re
3.1.1 “Cinepur”
“Cinepur” is a cu ltural magazine focused on the world o f cinema and films p u blis hed e ver y o t her mo nt h. The ar t ic le is a re vie w o f t he
do cu me nt ar y films fro m t he Int er nat io na l Fe st iva l o f Do cu me nt ar y F ilms in J ih la va. The fu ll read ing o f t he art ic le is t o be fo und in Ap pe nd i x A.
1. televizní
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, s ing u lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was der ived fro m lo a n noun “televisio n” (“televize” in Czech).
2. HB O
- abbre v iat io n o f “Ho me Bo x O ffic e” w hic h is a n Amer ic a n t e le vis io n c ha nne l. Pro nu nc iat io n o sc ilat e s bet wee n /e ɪt ʃ bi: o ʊ/ a nd / ha: be: o :/.
3. Nutprodukce
- trade mark de no t ing a C zec h pro duct io n co mpa ny. It is a hybr id e xpres s io n- co mbinat io n o f Cz ec h “pro du k ce” a nd E ng lis h “nut ”.
4. vi zuá lní
- ad je ct ive in 1s t ca se, singu lar, neut er gend er. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h
“visual” and has it s roots in Lat in. “Vizuální” was formed by mo dificat io n of consonant “s” to “z” and adding Czech suffix –ní.
13 5. Show!
- pro per no un de no t ing t he na me o f a film. Orig ina l pro nu c iat i o n /ʃo ʊ/ is ret a ined.
6. 5Ange ls
- expre s s io n re ferr ing t o t he na me o f a fic t io na l mus ic ba nd. Spe lling a nd pro nu nc iat io n is no t mo d ifie d. The u se o f Eng lis h na me is mo t ivat ed by vo gue.
7. ma sového vy v ra žďo vání
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, s ing u lar, neut er gend er. It was adapt ed fro m “ma s s murder”. Possible equivalent is “hro madné vyvražďování”.
8. ka me rou
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine g e nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “že na”. It was adapted fro m English “camera” (wit h origin in Italian). In Czech
“kamera” refers to a “video camera”.
9. infotain mentu
- no un in 2n d cas e, s ingu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”.
It was adapt ed fro m po rt ma nt eau wo rd fo rme d
fro m“informat io n”+“entertainment” denoting “broadcast material whose purpo se is t o info r m a nd e nt ert a in peo p le at t he sa me t ime”.
10. docu-ope ra
- expre s s io n fo r med by a s ho rt ened versio n o f “do cu me nt ” a nd “o pera”. It fu nct io ns as a no u n in s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder, infle ct io na l pat t ern
“žena”. Czech equivalent is “dokumentární opera”.
11. boxe ra
- no un in 2n d cas e, s ingu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “p á n”. It was adapted fro m English noun “box” in the meaning “a fist blow” by
add ing s u ffix -e r de no t ing a perso n w ho co mp et es in bo xing.
3.1.2 “Hudební rozhledy”
“Hudební rozhled y” are a mo nthly pro viding the insight into co nt e mpo rar y mu sic sc e ne. The art ic le int ro duces t he carre er o f fa mo u s So ut h Afr ic a n o pera sing er o n t he o ccasio n o f her per fo r ma nce in Pr ague.
The fu ll art ic le is at t ache d in Appe nd ix B.
14 12. M ET
- acro nym re ferr ing t o “Met ro po lit a n O per a” in New Yo rk 13. sta r
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nd er. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h
“star” in the meaning “fa mous perso n”. “Star” does not undergo inflect ion and may be subst ituted by Czech “hvězda”.
14. Ope ra New s
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he na me o f Ame r ic a n magaz ine a bo ut o pera. In Cze c h it is u nc ha nge d as it is a n o ffic ia l n a me.
15. PK F-Pra gue Phi lh a rmonia
- hybr id e xpr es s io n re ferr ing t o t he na me o f Prague P hilhar mo nic Orchestra, consist ing of Czech acronym PKF (“Pražská ko morní filharmo nie”) and English name “Prague Philharmo nia”.
16. mu zi ká lů
- no un in 2n d cas e, p lura l, ma sc u line ge nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
Borrowed fro m Eng lish “musical” by modificat ion o f consonants “s” and
“c” into “z” and “k”.
17. K ismet
- pro per no un re ferr ing t o a na me o f Ame r ic a n mus ic a l p la y 18. West Side Sto ry
- pro per no un de no t ing Amer ic a n mu s ic a l p la y. I n C zec h it is t ra ns lat ed a s
“Příběh ze západní čtvrt i”.
19. Metropolitní opery
- lit era l t rans lat io n o f E ng lis h “Met ro po lit a n Opera” seat ed in New Yo rk.
The no u n is in 2n d c as e, s ingu lar, fe min in e ge nder, infle ct io na l pat t ern
“žena”.
20. newyo rs kou
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was der ived fro m “New York” by adding Czech suffix.
21. Vogue
- pro per no un re ferr ing t o t he na me o f po pu lar fa shio n ma gaz ine. No mo d ific at io n in pro nu nc iat io n.
22. B ritish Ai rway s
- expre ssio n d e no t ing Br it ish a ir line co mp a ny
15 23. Kapského města
- lit era l t rans lat io n o f “Cap e To wn” w hic h is a c it y in So ut h Afr ic a 24. Ope ra lia
- pro per no un, re ferr ing t o annu a l I nt er nat io na l Opera Co mpet it io n. In Czech it may be modified to “Operalie” and in that case is inflected according to the pattern “růže”.
25. A rtsc ape Ope ra Hou se
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he o pera ho us e in Cape To wn 26. Cape Phi lha rmonic O rch est ra
- na me o f t he p hilhar mo nic o rc he st ra in C ape To wn 27. Wigmo re Ha ll
- na me o f t he mu s ic ha ll in Lo ndo n. I t is not infle ct ed 28. Ope ra
- pro per no un de no t ing t he c u lt ura l mag az ine. Pro nu c iat io n is r et a ined.
29. Holly wood Tod ay
- na me o f Amer ic a n o nline ma ga z ine de a ling w it h cu lt ure, art s 30. Washingtonské národní opeře
- “Washingt o nská náro d ní o pera ” is a lit er a l t rans la t io n o f “Wa s hingt o n Nat ional Opera”
31. Královské opeře v Covent Garden
-expr ess io n in t he me a ning o f “Ro ya l Op e ra Ho use in Co ve nt Garde n”, Lo ndo n
3.1.3 “A2”
“A2” is an independent magazine covering the topics o f cult ure in it s bro ader se ns e. The c ho se n art ic le d ea ls w it h t he spe c ific o f a lt er nat ive co mic s in Fre nc h lit erat ure. The w ho le art ic le is pre se nt ed in Appe nd ix C .
32. mainst rea mu
- no un in 2n d cas e, singu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”.
It was adapted fro m English “ma instream” with no modificat ions in spelling and pronunciat ion. Czech translat io n is “hlavní proud”.
16 33. mainst rea mový mi
- ad je ct ive in 7t h c as e, p lur a l, ne ut er gend er. It was der ived fro m lo a n no un
“ma instream” by adding Czech suffix.
34. fando me m
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, ma scu line g e nder, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
“Fando m” denotes a group of fans or people wit h the sa me interest.
Pro nunc iat io n wa s adapt ed in acco rda nc e w it h spe lling as / f ʌ nd ͻ m/.
35. popku ltu rou
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine g e nd er, inflect io na l pat t e rn “že na”. It is adapted fro m English “pop culture” wit h the modificat io n in the form, spe lling a nd pro nu nc iat io n.
36. unde rg roundo vé
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, s ingu lar, neut er ge nd er. It was bo rro wed fro m lo a n noun “underground” by adding Czech suffixes and re fers to “subcult ure”.
In Czech also denoted as “podzemní” or “neoficiální”.
37. indie
- sho rt ened vers io n o f “ind epe nde nt ”. In t his co nt e xt it fu nct io ns as uninfle ct ed ad je ct ive.
38. hlavní m p roud em
- expre s s io n w hic h is a lit era l t rans lat io n o f “ma inst rea m”. The no un is in 7t h c as e, s ingu lar, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
39. populá rní
- ad je ct ive in 1s t ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was adapt ed fro m Middle English adject ive “popular” in t he meaning “prevalent amo ng the general public”.
40. fan zinů
- no un in 2n d cas e, p lura l, ma sc u line ge nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”. It was adapted fro m English “fanzine” (fan+magazine) and spelling modified acco rd ing to pro nu nc iat io n.
41. fan zino vého
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, sing u lar, neut er gend er. It was d er ived fro m borrowed noun “fanzin” by adding Czech suffixes.
17 42. wo rkho li k
- no un in 1s t c as e s ing u lar, mascu line ge n der, inflect io na l pat t ern “pá n”. It was adapted fro m English noun “Workaholic” by modificat io n o f spelling.
Pronunciat io n is /wͻrkhͻlik/. Var iet ies wo rkholi k/ wo rk aholik/ wo rkoh olik are used int erc ha ngea b ly
43. entuziasta
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, ma scu line ge nder, inflect io na l pat t ern
“předseda”. “Enthusiast” was adapted into English through Greek and French in t he meaning “person inspired by Go d”. In this co ntext it is used fo r a perso n w ho is int erest ed in a part ic u lar a ct ivit y. In Cze c h sp e lling was modified and defines pronunciat io n. Possible equivalent is “nadšenec”.
44. fanou š kov ství
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, neut er ge nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “st ave n í”. It was derived fro m lo an noun “fanoušek” by adding Czech suffix.
45. ko me rční
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, s ingu lar, ma scu line gender. Ad apt ed fro m lo a n no u n
“ko merce” by adding adject ival suffix.
46. sci- fi
- sho rt ened vers io n o f “sc ie nce fict io n”, a lit erar y g e nre. In C zec h
pro nu nc iat io n is mo d ifie d acco rd ing t o spe lling. In t his co nt e xt it fu nct io ns as syntact ic noun. Czech equivalent “vědecko -fantast ická literatura”
co rrespo nds w it h sc i- fi.
3.2 Fie ld of spo rt
3.2.1 “Tennis Arena”
“Tennis Arena” is a magazine published once in two months and the t arget readers are t enn is fa ns a nd a mat eur p la yer s. The c ho se n e xt ract co mpare s t he carre er o f t wo fo r mer a nd su cce ss fu l t e nnis p la yer s St efa n Edberg a nd Bo r is Bec ker a nd a ims at t he ir r iva lit y. T he co mp let e t ext o f t he art ic le is in Appe nd ix D.
18 47. bukova la
- ver b in 3r d perso n, sg., ind ic at ive, past te nse, imper fe ct ive , co rrespo nd ing wit h third verb class and verb pattern “kupovat”. The meaning is “to order so mething in advance”, adapted fro m English “to book ”. Spelling was adapt ed acco rd ing t o t he o r ig ina l pro nu nc iat io n. It s perfect ive equ iva le nt is
“zabukovala”. Possible Czec h equiva lent “o bjednala”.
48. se rv is
- no un in 4t h ca se, s g, ma scu line ge nder. In t his co nt e xt refers t o “t he ma nner o f ser ving t he ba ll in t ennis ”, ad a pt ed fro m “ser ve”, Cze c h equivalent “podání” is used interchangeably.
49. koučů
- no un in 2n d cas e, p l., ma s cu line g e nder, in fle ct io na l p at t ern “mu ž” in t he meaning “sports trainer or instructor”. It was adapted fro m English “coach”
by a dapt ing t he spe lling in ac co rdance w it h t he pro nu nc iat io n o f A mer ica n variet y. “Kouč” has a Cz ech equivalent “trenér”.
50. Grand Sla mu
- expre s s io n, no u n in 2n d c as e, sg, ma sc u line ge nder, in flect io na l pat t ern
“hrad”. It refers to the “four most difficult major tournaments in tennis”.
The C zec h pro nu nc iat io n is /gr e nds le m/. It also appears in t he fo r m
“grandslam”. To express the meaning Czech have to use “turna j velké čt yřky.”
51. džent lmens ký ch
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, p l., ma scu line ge nder in t he me a ning o f
“gent le manlike”, first the noun “džent lmen” was adapted fro m “gent leman”
by t he mo d ific at io n o f spe lling in acco rda nce w it h t he o r ig ina l
pro nu nc iat io n a nd t he a d ject ive wa s der iv ed b y u s ing Cze c h su ffix -sk ý.
“gent le manských” can be used interchangeably retaing the pronunciat ion.
“Noblesních” could be used instead.
52. tenise m
- no un in 7t h ca se, s g., ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hr ad”. It denotes the type of ball sport. It was adapted fro m English “tennis” through Fre nc h by simp lifying t he do uble co nso na nt /n/. Cz ec h ha s no do me st ic equ iva le nt o f t his lo a n wo rd.
19 53. fanou š ků
- no un in 2n d cas e, p l., ma s cu line g e nder, in fle ct io na l p at t ern “p á n”. It refers to the group of people supporting their favourite player”, it was adapted according to “fans” and suggest s the st ylist ic co nnotatio n. In this context “příznivců” could be used interchangeably.
54. kic k
- no un in 1s t case, sg, masculine gender, inflect ional pattern “hrad”. “Kick”
refers to a specific t ype of a tennis stroke wit h a sudden forceful jo lt.” It was ad apt ed fro m E ng lis h w it h no mo d ific at io n in spe lling a nd
pro nu nc iat io n. It is u sed a s s la ng wo rd and ha ve no do me st ic e qu iva le nt . 55. volej
- no un in 1s t c as e, sg., ma scu line ge nder, infle ct io na l p at t ern “st ro j”.
“Vo lej” denotes the type of a tennis s troke which is pla yed before the ball hit s t he gro und. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h “vo lle y” by mo d ific at io n o f pronunciat io n wit h spelling and the simp lificat ion o f double “l” and subst itution o f consonants “y” and “j”. It is used as a slang word.
56. bekh end
- no un in 1s t c as e, sg., ma scu line ge nder, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hr ad”.
“Bekhend” corresponds wit h the meaning “ a tennis stroke which is p layed w it h t he back o f t he ha nd fac ing t he d ir ect io n o f t he st ro ke ”. Adapt ed fro m English “backhand” the lo an word was mo dified in accordance wit h the simplified pronunciat io n where /æ/ was s ubst ituted by /e/. Nonadapted variet y “backhand” is used interchangeably. Slang word.
57. g rands la mo vých
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, p l., ma s cu line g e nd er. It was der ived fro m lo a ned noun “grandslam” by adding Czech suffix -ový.
58. Aust ra lian Open
- expre s s io n, in Cze c h fu nct io ns a s a n u ninfle ct ed no u n a nd is co ns id ered o f neut er ge nder. It refer s t o o ne o f t he Gr a nds la m t o urna me nt s t ak ing p lace in M e lbo ur ne. The o r ig ina l pro nu nc iat io n is ret a ined. The t it le is no t t ranslat ed int o Czec h.
20 59. Wimb led on
no un in 4t h c as e, sg, ma sc u line ge nder, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”. It de no t es a grand s la m t o urna me nt t ak ing p lace in Lo ndo n, Wimledo n. The pro nu nc iat io n co rrespo nd s w it h t he spe lling.
60. US Open
- expre s s io n in Cz ec h fu nct io ning a s a n u nin fle ct ed no u n in t he s a me s e ns e as in t he e xa mp le “Aust ra lia n Op e n”. “US Ope n” is a gra nds la m t o urna me nt t ak ing p la ce in Que e ns, Ne w Yo rk C it y.
61. tenista
- no un in 1s t case, sg., masculine gender, inflect ional pattern “předseda”. It corresponds wit h English “tennis pla yer”. “Tenista” was der ived fro m a borrowing “tenis” by adding Czech suffix -ta. In t his co nt e xt it co uld be subst ituted by a general word “hráč”.
62. zá kladní č á ry
- no mina l p hr as e , t he head no u n is in 2n d c ase, sg., fe min ine g e nder, inflect ional pattern žena, it is a literal tra nslat io n of English “baseline”
whic h e xpr es se s t he line mark ing t he e nd o f t he co urt . 63. číslo 1
- lit era l t rans lat io n o f “nu mber o ne ” in t his co nt e xt referr ing to t he bigge st r iva l.
64. Davisově poháru
- expre s s io n, t he hea d no u n is in 6t h c ase, sg., ma scu line ge nd er, inflect ional pattern “hrad”. “Davisův po hár” is a lit eral translat ion o f
“Davis Cup” which is an internat io nal tennis team co mpet it io n.
65. inte rview
- no un in 6t h ca se, sg, neut er ge nder. It is uninfle ct ed a nd ret a ins t he o rig ina l sp e lling a nd s imilar pro nu nc iat io n / int erv ju: /. “I nt er vie w” wa s adapt ed int o Eng lis h fro m Lat in a nd M id d le Fre nc h. Cze c h equ iva le nt
“rozhovor” is used interchangeably.
66. me čbo l
- no un in 1s t c ase, sg., ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hr ad”.
“Mečbo l” expresses the “po int which can be decisive in winning the match if it is won”. It was created according to the English mode l “match po int”
and the “po int” was exchanged by “ball”. The spelling was adapted
21 acco rd ing to t he s imp lifie d pro nu nc iat io n. No n -adapt ed var iet y mat c hba ll can be used interchangeably. Do mest ic variet y “konečný míč” is quite rare.
67. All Eng land C lubu
- expre s s io n, head no u n is in 2n d c as e, sg, ma sc u line ge nder, infle ct io na l pattern “hrad”. It denotes the t it le o f the club organizing the Wimbledon Gra nd S la m. The pro nu nc iat io n re ma ins t he sa me.
68. dola rů
- no un in 7t h case, pl, masculine gender, inflect ional pattern “hrad”. It was adapted fro m English “do llar” which has an origin in German “Taler”. The
“double l” in “do llar” was simplified and the plural was form ed by Czech su ffix.
69. odsta rtova la
- ver b in 3r d p erso n, sg., ind ic at ive, pa st te nse, per fe ct ive a spe ct . It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h ver b “t o st art ” by ad d ing pre fix –od a nd
classificat ion into third verb class according to the verb pattern “kupovat”.
“Odstartovala” may be subst ituted by do mest ic verb “začala”.
70. mana že r
- no un in 1s t case, sg, masculine gender, inflect ional pattern “pán”. It was adapted fro m English “manager” by modificitat ion o f a consonant, “g” was subst ituted by “ž” in accordance wit h the pronunciat io n while th e rest of the word fo llows the original spelling. “Manažer” in t his co ntext represent a perso n w ho t akes care o f var io u s mat t ers o f a c lie nt , in Cze c h equ iva le nt wit h “zástupce or agent”.
71. Greenpe ace
- pro per no un re ferr ing t o int ernat io na l o rga nizat io n w ho se a im is t o preser ve t he e nviro nme nt a nd e nda ng ered spec ie s. In Cz ec h “Gree np eac e”
is no t infle ct ed a nd pro nu nc iat io n is /gr i: np i: s/.
72. wimb ledons kém
- ad je ct ive in 3r d ca se, s ingu lar, neut er ge nd er. It was der ived fro m lo a n noun “Wimbledon” referring to te nnis Grand Slam.
73. whis ky
- no un in 2n d c as e, fe min ine ge nder. “Wh isk y” is u n in flect ed a nd in C zec h pro no unce d as / vɪ skɪ/.
22 74. trend
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, ma scu line ge nder, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
It was adapted fro m English noun “trend” and refers to the direct ion in whic h so met hing is de ve lo p ing.
3.2.2 “Jezdectví”
“Jezdectví” is a magaz ine about horse riding and equestrian
d isc ip line s pu blis hed e ver y mo nt h. The art ic le o ffers bio gra p hy o f cut t ing ho rse. The fu ll re ad ing o f t he t ext is int ro duced in App e nd ix E.
75. Smooth Coo l Cat
- na me o f a st a llio n. I n Cze c h it is u nin fle ct ed and co ns id ered o f mas cu line ge nder.
76. Silv e rStone Ran che
- na me fo r a Cz ec h ho rse ra nc h. T he no un is in 2n d ca se, s ing u lar, masculine gender, inflect ional pattern “hrad”. Spelling is retained even w it h infle ct ed fo r ms as it is t he o ffic ia l na me.
77. Qua rte r ho rse
- expre s s io n de no t ing a n Amer ic a n bree d o f a ho rse us ed fo r hu nt ing. In Czech also called “Americký kovbo jský kůň”.
78. USA
- abbre v iat o n o f “U nit ed St at es o f Amer ic a”. Pro nunc iat io n ma y fo llo w t he o rig ina l / ju: es e ɪ/ o r adapt to Czech a lp ha bet as /u: es a:/.
79. trenéra
- no un in 2n d case, singular, masculine gender, inflect io nal pattern “pán”. It was adapted fro m English “trainer” by mo dificat ion o f diphtho ng /a ɪ/ into mo nophtong /e/ and lengthening o f suffix vowel /e/. “trenér” is
s yno nymo us t o ot he r a ng lic is m “ko uč”.
80. Ugly
- pro per no un de no t ing a na me fo r a ho rse . It is infle ct ed acco rd ing t o pro no mina l de c le nsio n.
81. Cuttingových
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, p lura l, mascu line g e nder. It was der ived fro m lo a n noun “cutting” by adding Czech suffixes. It re fers to horse compet it ion
23 dur ing w hic h t he ho rser id er is sup po sed t o separat e a hea d o f c at t le fro m t he herd. Pro nunc iat io n is ret a ined.
82. Smooth as a Cat
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he bree d o f ho rse. It is u ninfle ct ed in Cz ec h.
83. LT E
- abbre v iat io n o f “Lifet ime Ear ning s” d e not ing t he mo ne y wo n in a ho rse rac ing co mp et it io ns. Pro nu nc iat io n var ie s fro m /e lt i: i:/ t o /el t e: e:/. Czec h equivalent is “celo životní výdělky”.
84. USD
- abbre v iat io n o f “U nit ed St at es Do lla r”. Pro nunc iat io n is e it her / ju: e s d i:/
o r czechifie d /u: es de: /.
85. SR Instant Choic e
- na me fo r a rac ing ho rse. The e xpre s s io n do es no t undergo inflect io n.
86. tréninkové
- ad je ct ive in 6t h c as e, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was der ived fro m lo a n noun “trénink”. Czech syno nym is “výcvik” or “příprava”.
87. show s
- no un in 2n d cas e, p lura l, fe min ine ge nder . “S ho ws” are u ninfle ct ed in Cze c h.
88. show
- no un in 2n d c as e, p lur a l, fe min ine ge nd er . The fo r m w it ho ut -s end ing used in p lura l ind icat es d is crep a nc y in t he use o f t his wo rd in Cz ec h (sho ws / sho w).
89. Ame ricany 20 10
- pro per no un re ferr ing t o a Euro pean ho rse s ho w. “Amer ic a na” is in fle ct ed acco rd ing to t he infle ct io na l pat t ern “že na ”. Pro nunc iat io n is influ e nc ed by spe lling / a mer ɪkʌ nʌ/.
90. sta rtova l
- ver b in 3r d p erso n, s ingu lar, ind ic at ive moo d, past t ense, bia spe ct ua l ver b, in t his co nt e xt imper fect ive a spe ct . It was adapt ed fro m Eng lis h ver b
“start” and is classif ied into 3r d ver b c la ss.
91. sta rtovní
- ad je ct ive in 6t h c ase, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was adapt ed fro m lo a n word “start”. Pronunciat io n is in accordance wit h spelling.
24 92. sta rtujících
- no un co nvert ed fro m fro m a d ject ive in 2n d ca se, p lura l, mas cu line g e nder 93. startujících
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, p lura l, mascu line g e nder 94. odsta rtovan á
- ad je ct ive in 1s t ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder 95. spo rtovní
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, s ingu la r, fe min ine ge nder. It was adapt ed fro m lo a n noun “sport”.
96. trené rkou
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine g e nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “že na”. It was derived as equiva lent of masculine gender loan noun “trenér” by Czech su ffix -k a.
97. Aachen NCHA Li mit ed10000
- expre s s io n de no t ing a na me o f equ est r ia n sho w t ak ing p lac e in G er ma ny.
“NCHA” is an acronym for “Nat io nal Cutting Horse Associat io n” . 98. NCHA USA Open in Walldürren
- expre s s io n de no t ing a na me o f equ est r ia n sho w o f “Nat i o na l C ut t ing Horse Associat io n”
99. sco re
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, neut er ge nd er de no t ing a nu mbe r o f po int s ac hie ved. “Sco re” is no nadapt ed fro m t he po int o f vie w o f o rt ho graphy, orthoepy and morpho logy. However, variety “skóre” is generally used more o ft e n as u nin fle ct ed no u n.
100. Aachen AQHA Junio r Cutting
- expre s s io n de no t ing a na me o f equ est r ia n sho w. “AQ H A” is a n abbreviat io n of “American Quarter Horse Associat io n”.
101. 2010 Futu rity Cha mpion NCH A of Ge r many
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he t it le o f a w inne r o f Nat io na l Cut t ing Ho rse Asso c iat io n cut t ing s ho w.
102. show s
- no un in 2n d cas e, fe min ine ge nder. The fo rm w it h e nd ing –s is here u sed to deno t e singu lar.
25 103. Junio r Cutting Open
- expre s s io n de no t ing a na me o f ho rse cut ting s ho w. It is u nin fle ct ed in Cze c h.
104. Winne r o f 2011 AQHA Eu ropean Cha mpionship
- expre s s io n re ferr ing t o t he t it le o f w inne r o f Euro pean C ha mp io ns hip o f
“American Quarter Horse Associat io n”.
3.3 Fie ld of la w
3.3.1 “Obchodní právo”
Magazine “Obchodní právo” includes treatises and opinio ns o f pro fe ss io na ls in t he fie ld o f law. The art ic le d es cr ibe s t he mo d ificat io n o f requirements concerning the “Contract for work”. The full reading o f art ic le is t o be fo und in Appe nd ix F.
105. claimů
- no un in 2n d p erso n, p lura l, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”.
It was adapted fro m English “claim”. Pronunciat io n and spelling is retained and the plural is formed by Czech suffix. In this context “claimů” may be subst ituted by “limitů”.
106. FI DIC
- acro nym fo r “I nt ernat io na l Federat io n o f Co nsu lt ing Eng ineer s”
translated into Czech as “Mez inárodní federace konzultačníc h inženýrů”
Pro nunc iat io n is / fɪdɪk/.
107. Gene ra l Cont racting
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he t yp e o f co nst ruc t io n pro ject . Int o Czec h it is translated as “Generální dodavatelst ví. “Contracting” undergoes inflect ion according to the pattern “hrad”.
108. Design -bui ld
- expre s s io n re ferr ing t o t he t ype o f co nst ruct io n pro ject a lso used a s acronym “DB”. Inflect io n fo llo ws the pattern “hrad”.
109. Const ru ction M anagement
- expre ssio n la be lling t he t yp e o f co nst ruc t io n pro ject (acro nym “C M”).
“Management” is inflected according to the pattern “hrad”.
26 110. Design -B id-B uild
- a lt ernat ive e xpres s io n d e no t ing t he co nc ept o f “Ge ner a l Co nt ract ing”
111. EPC
-abbr e viat io n o f “E ng ineer -Pro cure-Co nst ruct ” deno t ing a su bt ype o f
“Design-build” pro jects.
112. USA
- abbre v iat io n o f “U nit ed St at es o f Amer ica”
113. Cost p lus
- expre s s io n de no t ing o n t he ba se o f a fix ed surc harge add ed t o t he d irect costs of ind ividua l contractors. “Cost plus” is not inflected.
114. mana že rs ké
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, p lur a l, fe min ine ge nd er. It was der ived fro m no un
“manažer” borrowed fro m English “manager” by adding adject ival suffix.
115. EPCM
- abbre v iat io n o f “E ng ine er ing Pro cu re me nt Co nst ruct io n M a nag e me nt ” 116. trendům
- no un in 3r d ca se p lura l, ma scu line ge nde r, infle ct io na l pat t ern “hr ad”.
Adapted fro m English “trend” denoting tendency which is fashio nable and po pu lar in so c iet y.
117. The FID IC Si lve r B oo k - expre s s io n re ferr ing t o bus ine ss co nt ract
118. civi l law
- expre s s io n re lat ed t o t he s yst e m o f law whic h is bas ed o n t he a nc ie nt Ro man system. Czech equiva lent is “občanské právo”.
119. common law
- expre s s io n re lat ed t o t he bo d y o f Eng lis h la w w hic h wa s ad apt ed in different states of USA. Czech equivalent is “Angloamerické právo”.
3.3.2 Právo a rodina
“Právo a rodina” is a magazine issued mo nthly and concentrates on fa mily la w a nd t he su bscr iber s are t he pro fe ssio na ls in t his fie ld. It is int e nded fo r t he wo rkers in ad min ist rat io n, educat io n, law yer s et c. It
capt ures t he lat est mo d ific at io ns in Cz ec h and int er nat io na l law. The art ic le
27 dea ls w it h t he p he no me no n o f st a lk ing. T he w ho le t ext is t o be fo u nd in Ap pe nd ix G.
120. cybe rsta lking
- is “t he mo le st at io n o f a vict im t hro ug h t he use o f co mp ut ers a nd o t her electronic media.“ It is a no mina l co mpound consist ing of adject ive
“cyber” and “stalking”. The original pronunciat io n [s aɪbǝ] is in Czech re fle ct ed as [k ɪ ber]. “C yber st a lk ing” sugg est t he ma scu line ge nder a nd is classified according to the inflect io nal pattern “hrad“. This word is
beco ming po pu lar rec e nt ly a s a new law o n st a lk ing has be e n is sue d a nd Cze c h do es no t ha ve pre c is e equ iva le nt de no t ing t his t yp e o f be ha vio ur.
121. sta lking
- refers t o t he mo lest at io n o f a vict im in a genera l s e ns e. It s chara ct er ist ic s are s imilar t o t ho se me nt io ned a bo ve in t he it e m “c yber st a lk ing .”
122. e xpa rtne r sta lking
- la be ls a no t her co mpo u nd co nnect ed w it h t he mo lest at io n o f a v ict im, in this case done by a former partner. The first component “expartner”
re ma ins u ninfle ct ed, o nly t he s eco nd co mpo ne nt is in fle ct ed. In Cze c h it is possible to use syno nymously the expression “pronásledo vání býva lým partnerem”.
123. e-mai ly
- refers t o t he e lect ro nic mes sa ge s, be ing t he a bbre viat io n fo r e lect ro nic.
Cze c h sp e lling is mo d ifie d in t hat it co nt ains a hyp he n in co nt rast w it h Eng lis h o ne-wo rd spe lling. The p lur a l is rea liz ed by Cz ec h s u ffix –y
instead of English “ema ils”. This lexical ite m is fu lly adapted into Czech and preferred to the term “elektronická pošta” .
124. chat roo mech
- deno t es we bs it e s ser ving t o elect ro nic c o mmu n icat io n o n var i o u s t o pic s.
Pro nunc iat io n co rrespo nd s w it h t he o r ig in a l o ne. The p lur a l is in t his co nt ext rea lized by Cze c h su ffix but t he Eng lis h p lura l fo r m ma y a lso be acce pt ed i.e. c hat roo ms. Apart fro m t hat there e xist t wo spe lling var iet ie s chat roo m/chat roo m.
