2 THEORETICAL B AC KGRO UND
2.6 Mo rpho lo g ica l ad apt at io n
2.6.3 Ver bs
The pro ces s o f adapt at io n o f ver bs int o Czec h requ ire s t he c ha nge o f verba l parad ig m o r t he mo rp ho lo g ica l par ad ig m depe nd ing o n t he st art ing -po int be ing e it her a fo re ig n ver b o r a fo reig n mo rp he me. Mo st o f lo a n verbs fo r m d er ivat io na l gro ups t o get her wit h lo a n no u ns w hic h me a ns t hat t he ado pt io n o f a ver b is influ e nc ed by t he re lat io n bet wee n t he ver b a nd t he no u n a nd t he ver b t akes fo r ma l fe at ures fro m t he no u n. (jogging - joggovat). (Mra vina co vá, 2005, pp. 200 -201)
Cze c h co njug at io n s yst e m d ist ingu ishe s five ver b c la ss es a nd eac h verb c la ss co ns ist s o f ver b t yp es. The mo s t freque nt co njug at io n t yp e to whic h t he lo a ned ver bs are ad apt ed is t he t yp e -uje- / -ova-, whic h
co rrespo nds w it h t he t hird ver b c la s s a nd is r epres e nt ed b y t he co njug at io n pat t ern “kupovat”(e.g. lobbov at / lobbuje) .
According to Mravinacová (2005) c lassificat ion to a different co njugat io n t ype is le s s fr eque nt a nd usu a lly st ylist ica lly mar ked (e.g.
sno wb oa rdit - mark ed / sno wboa rdo vat - neut ra l) are repre se nt ed b y co njugat io n pat t ern “pro s it ”. I mmed iat e verbs fro m t he po int o f vie w o f d ime ns io n o f t he act io n w h ic h are u sed in in fo r ma l s it uat io ns o r as s la ng verbs u sua lly be lo ng t o t he seco nd ver b c lass, i. e. t he t ype -ne-/Ø. (conjugat io n pattern “t isknout ”).
Ver bs are a dapt ed d ir ect ly fro m fo re ig n la ngu age if t here is no wo rd whic h ser ve s as a st art ing po i nt fo r adapt at io n o f t he ver b (e.g. Cz ec h
11 bootovat fro m Eng lis h bo ot). The ada pt at io n ma y be rea liz ed e ve n t hro ug h t he use o f pre fix a nd t hu s is t he mea ns o f creat ing “asp ect ua l pa irs ”, w here suc h a cr eat ed ver b has p er fect ive asp ect . (nakone ktit se - kon ektit s e in t he meaning “připo jit se” used in IT techno lo gy adapted fro m con nect). The pro cess o f as pect ua l ada pt at io n is usu a lly gradua l but t here are ver bs w h ic h are vie we d as imper fe ct ive. T he mea n ing o f t ho se ver bs is ge nera lly “t o do spo rt ”: e.g. zorbov at, raf tovat. Ver bs t hat were fo r med by bo t h su ffix -uje / -ova a nd a pre fix are co ns id ered per fect iv e.
Aspe ct ua lly neut ra l ver bs fo r med by su ffix -uje- /- ova do no t
fo r ma lly d iffer e nt iat e t he per fect ive a nd imp er fect ive asp ect and t he asp ect ma y no t nec es sar ily be ind ic at ed by t he co nt e xt (e.g. “když jsme toho
hokejistu před dvěma roky draftovali, tušili jsme, že je dobrý ”).
(Mravinacová, 2005)
The se ver bs fo r m it s per fect ive equ iva le nt s b y add ing pre fixe s (e.g.
sken ovat/o sk enov at).
2.7 Abbreviation s and ac rony ms
Bozděchová (1997) claims that for eign abbreviat ions and acronyms are usua lly us ed in le ar ne d st yle a nd in ad vert is ing. Acro nyms repr es e nt t he me a ns o f t ext co mpre ss io n a nd are u nd erst oo d as ind epe nd e nt unit s. So me o f t he m ma y be use d in t he fu nct io n o f at tr ibut e in a nt epo s it io n (e.g. PR manaž er). (Bozděcho vá, 1997)
12 3 PRAC TI CA L ANAL YSIS
In t he pra ct ica l p art o f my t he s is I de a l w it h t he e xa mp le s o f
a ng lic is ms fo u nd in t he Cz ec h mag az ine s a nd o t her med ia acco rd ing t o t he cr it er ia pres e nt ed in t he Theo ret ic a l Ba ck gro und o f my wo rk. I int ro duce ind iv idua l e xcerpt s in t he s eque nt ia l o rder. Fu ll e xt ract s co nt a ining
a ng lic is ms are at t ached in t he ap pe nd ixe s in t he sa me o rder t he y are list ed in t his se ct io n. D ict io nar ie s us ed fo r ana lys is ar e Stručný etymologický slovník (1 978). Nová slova v č eštině: Slovník neologizmů (199 8), Nová slova v češtině 2: Slovník neologizmů (20 04), Nový akademický slovník cizích slov (200 5) a nd Online Ety mology d ictiona ry.
3.1 Fie ld of cu ltu re
3.1.1 “Cinepur”
“Cinepur” is a cu ltural magazine focused on the world o f cinema and films p u blis hed e ver y o t her mo nt h. The ar t ic le is a re vie w o f t he
do cu me nt ar y films fro m t he Int er nat io na l Fe st iva l o f Do cu me nt ar y F ilms in J ih la va. The fu ll read ing o f t he art ic le is t o be fo und in Ap pe nd i x A.
1. televizní
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, s ing u lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was der ived fro m lo a n noun “televisio n” (“televize” in Czech).
2. HB O
- abbre v iat io n o f “Ho me Bo x O ffic e” w hic h is a n Amer ic a n t e le vis io n c ha nne l. Pro nu nc iat io n o sc ilat e s bet wee n /e ɪt ʃ bi: o ʊ/ a nd / ha: be: o :/.
3. Nutprodukce
- trade mark de no t ing a C zec h pro duct io n co mpa ny. It is a hybr id e xpres s io n- co mbinat io n o f Cz ec h “pro du k ce” a nd E ng lis h “nut ”.
4. vi zuá lní
- ad je ct ive in 1s t ca se, singu lar, neut er gend er. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h
“visual” and has it s roots in Lat in. “Vizuální” was formed by mo dificat io n of consonant “s” to “z” and adding Czech suffix –ní.
13 5. Show!
- pro per no un de no t ing t he na me o f a film. Orig ina l pro nu c iat i o n /ʃo ʊ/ is ret a ined.
6. 5Ange ls
- expre s s io n re ferr ing t o t he na me o f a fic t io na l mus ic ba nd. Spe lling a nd pro nu nc iat io n is no t mo d ifie d. The u se o f Eng lis h na me is mo t ivat ed by vo gue.
7. ma sového vy v ra žďo vání
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, s ing u lar, neut er gend er. It was adapt ed fro m “ma s s murder”. Possible equivalent is “hro madné vyvražďování”.
8. ka me rou
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine g e nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “že na”. It was adapted fro m English “camera” (wit h origin in Italian). In Czech
“kamera” refers to a “video camera”.
9. infotain mentu
- no un in 2n d cas e, s ingu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”.
It was adapt ed fro m po rt ma nt eau wo rd fo rme d
fro m“informat io n”+“entertainment” denoting “broadcast material whose purpo se is t o info r m a nd e nt ert a in peo p le at t he sa me t ime”.
10. docu-ope ra
- expre s s io n fo r med by a s ho rt ened versio n o f “do cu me nt ” a nd “o pera”. It fu nct io ns as a no u n in s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder, infle ct io na l pat t ern
“žena”. Czech equivalent is “dokumentární opera”.
11. boxe ra
- no un in 2n d cas e, s ingu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “p á n”. It was adapted fro m English noun “box” in the meaning “a fist blow” by
add ing s u ffix -e r de no t ing a perso n w ho co mp et es in bo xing.
3.1.2 “Hudební rozhledy”
“Hudební rozhled y” are a mo nthly pro viding the insight into co nt e mpo rar y mu sic sc e ne. The art ic le int ro duces t he carre er o f fa mo u s So ut h Afr ic a n o pera sing er o n t he o ccasio n o f her per fo r ma nce in Pr ague.
The fu ll art ic le is at t ache d in Appe nd ix B.
14 12. M ET
- acro nym re ferr ing t o “Met ro po lit a n O per a” in New Yo rk 13. sta r
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nd er. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h
“star” in the meaning “fa mous perso n”. “Star” does not undergo inflect ion and may be subst ituted by Czech “hvězda”.
14. Ope ra New s
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he na me o f Ame r ic a n magaz ine a bo ut o pera. In Cze c h it is u nc ha nge d as it is a n o ffic ia l n a me.
15. PK F-Pra gue Phi lh a rmonia
- hybr id e xpr es s io n re ferr ing t o t he na me o f Prague P hilhar mo nic Orchestra, consist ing of Czech acronym PKF (“Pražská ko morní filharmo nie”) and English name “Prague Philharmo nia”.
16. mu zi ká lů
- no un in 2n d cas e, p lura l, ma sc u line ge nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
Borrowed fro m Eng lish “musical” by modificat ion o f consonants “s” and
“c” into “z” and “k”.
15 23. Kapského města
- lit era l t rans lat io n o f “Cap e To wn” w hic h is a c it y in So ut h Afr ic a 24. Ope ra lia
- pro per no un, re ferr ing t o annu a l I nt er nat io na l Opera Co mpet it io n. In Czech it may be modified to “Operalie” and in that case is inflected according to the pattern “růže”.
25. A rtsc ape Ope ra Hou se
- expre s s io n de no t ing t he o pera ho us e in Cape To wn 26. Cape Phi lha rmonic O rch est ra
- na me o f t he p hilhar mo nic o rc he st ra in C ape To wn 27. Wigmo re Ha ll
- na me o f t he mu s ic ha ll in Lo ndo n. I t is not infle ct ed 28. Ope ra
- pro per no un de no t ing t he c u lt ura l mag az ine. Pro nu c iat io n is r et a ined.
29. Holly wood Tod ay
- na me o f Amer ic a n o nline ma ga z ine de a ling w it h cu lt ure, art s 30. Washingtonské národní opeře
- “Washingt o nská náro d ní o pera ” is a lit er a l t rans la t io n o f “Wa s hingt o n Nat ional Opera”
31. Královské opeře v Covent Garden
-expr ess io n in t he me a ning o f “Ro ya l Op e ra Ho use in Co ve nt Garde n”, Lo ndo n
3.1.3 “A2”
“A2” is an independent magazine covering the topics o f cult ure in it s bro ader se ns e. The c ho se n art ic le d ea ls w it h t he spe c ific o f a lt er nat ive co mic s in Fre nc h lit erat ure. The w ho le art ic le is pre se nt ed in Appe nd ix C .
32. mainst rea mu
- no un in 2n d cas e, singu la r, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hra d”.
It was adapted fro m English “ma instream” with no modificat ions in spelling and pronunciat ion. Czech translat io n is “hlavní proud”.
16 33. mainst rea mový mi
- ad je ct ive in 7t h c as e, p lur a l, ne ut er gend er. It was der ived fro m lo a n no un
“ma instream” by adding Czech suffix.
34. fando me m
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, ma scu line g e nder, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
“Fando m” denotes a group of fans or people wit h the sa me interest.
Pro nunc iat io n wa s adapt ed in acco rda nc e w it h spe lling as / f ʌ nd ͻ m/.
35. popku ltu rou
- no un in 7t h ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine g e nd er, inflect io na l pat t e rn “že na”. It is adapted fro m English “pop culture” wit h the modificat io n in the form, spe lling a nd pro nu nc iat io n.
36. unde rg roundo vé
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, s ingu lar, neut er ge nd er. It was bo rro wed fro m lo a n noun “underground” by adding Czech suffixes and re fers to “subcult ure”.
In Czech also denoted as “podzemní” or “neoficiální”.
37. indie
- sho rt ened vers io n o f “ind epe nde nt ”. In t his co nt e xt it fu nct io ns as uninfle ct ed ad je ct ive.
38. hlavní m p roud em
- expre s s io n w hic h is a lit era l t rans lat io n o f “ma inst rea m”. The no un is in 7t h c as e, s ingu lar, ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l pat t ern “hrad ”.
39. populá rní
- ad je ct ive in 1s t ca se, s ingu lar, fe min ine ge nder. It was adapt ed fro m Middle English adject ive “popular” in t he meaning “prevalent amo ng the general public”.
40. fan zinů
- no un in 2n d cas e, p lura l, ma sc u line ge nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “hrad ”. It was adapted fro m English “fanzine” (fan+magazine) and spelling modified acco rd ing to pro nu nc iat io n.
41. fan zino vého
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, sing u lar, neut er gend er. It was d er ived fro m borrowed noun “fanzin” by adding Czech suffixes.
17 42. wo rkho li k
- no un in 1s t c as e s ing u lar, mascu line ge n der, inflect io na l pat t ern “pá n”. It was adapted fro m English noun “Workaholic” by modificat io n o f spelling.
Pronunciat io n is /wͻrkhͻlik/. Var iet ies wo rkholi k/ wo rk aholik/ wo rkoh olik are used int erc ha ngea b ly
43. entuziasta
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, ma scu line ge nder, inflect io na l pat t ern
“předseda”. “Enthusiast” was adapted into English through Greek and French in t he meaning “person inspired by Go d”. In this co ntext it is used fo r a perso n w ho is int erest ed in a part ic u lar a ct ivit y. In Cze c h sp e lling was modified and defines pronunciat io n. Possible equivalent is “nadšenec”.
44. fanou š kov ství
- no un in 1s t c as e, s ingu lar, neut er ge nd er, inflect io na l pat t ern “st ave n í”. It was derived fro m lo an noun “fanoušek” by adding Czech suffix.
45. ko me rční
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, s ingu lar, ma scu line gender. Ad apt ed fro m lo a n no u n
“ko merce” by adding adject ival suffix.
46. sci- fi
- sho rt ened vers io n o f “sc ie nce fict io n”, a lit erar y g e nre. In C zec h
pro nu nc iat io n is mo d ifie d acco rd ing t o spe lling. In t his co nt e xt it fu nct io ns as syntact ic noun. Czech equivalent “vědecko -fantast ická literatura”
co rrespo nds w it h sc i- fi.
3.2 Fie ld of spo rt
3.2.1 “Tennis Arena”
“Tennis Arena” is a magazine published once in two months and the t arget readers are t enn is fa ns a nd a mat eur p la yer s. The c ho se n e xt ract co mpare s t he carre er o f t wo fo r mer a nd su cce ss fu l t e nnis p la yer s St efa n Edberg a nd Bo r is Bec ker a nd a ims at t he ir r iva lit y. T he co mp let e t ext o f t he art ic le is in Appe nd ix D.
18 47. bukova la
- ver b in 3r d perso n, sg., ind ic at ive, past te nse, imper fe ct ive , co rrespo nd ing wit h third verb class and verb pattern “kupovat”. The meaning is “to order so mething in advance”, adapted fro m English “to book ”. Spelling was adapt ed acco rd ing t o t he o r ig ina l pro nu nc iat io n. It s perfect ive equ iva le nt is
“zabukovala”. Possible Czec h equiva lent “o bjednala”.
48. se rv is meaning “sports trainer or instructor”. It was adapted fro m English “coach”
by a dapt ing t he spe lling in ac co rdance w it h t he pro nu nc iat io n o f A mer ica n variet y. “Kouč” has a Cz ech equivalent “trenér”.
50. Grand Sla mu
- expre s s io n, no u n in 2n d c as e, sg, ma sc u line ge nder, in flect io na l pat t ern
“hrad”. It refers to the “four most difficult major tournaments in tennis”.
The C zec h pro nu nc iat io n is /gr e nds le m/. It also appears in t he fo r m
“grandslam”. To express the meaning Czech have to use “turna j velké čt yřky.”
51. džent lmens ký ch
- ad je ct ive in 2n d ca se, p l., ma scu line ge nder in t he me a ning o f
“gent le manlike”, first the noun “džent lmen” was adapted fro m “gent leman”
by t he mo d ific at io n o f spe lling in acco rda nce w it h t he o r ig ina l
pro nu nc iat io n a nd t he a d ject ive wa s der iv ed b y u s ing Cze c h su ffix -sk ý.
“gent le manských” can be used interchangeably retaing the pronunciat ion.
“Noblesních” could be used instead.
52. tenise m
- no un in 7t h ca se, s g., ma scu line ge nd er, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hr ad”. It denotes the type of ball sport. It was adapted fro m English “tennis” through Fre nc h by simp lifying t he do uble co nso na nt /n/. Cz ec h ha s no do me st ic equ iva le nt o f t his lo a n wo rd.
19 53. fanou š ků
- no un in 2n d cas e, p l., ma s cu line g e nder, in fle ct io na l p at t ern “p á n”. It refers to the group of people supporting their favourite player”, it was adapted according to “fans” and suggest s the st ylist ic co nnotatio n. In this context “příznivců” could be used interchangeably.
54. kic k
- no un in 1s t case, sg, masculine gender, inflect ional pattern “hrad”. “Kick”
refers to a specific t ype of a tennis stroke wit h a sudden forceful jo lt.” It was ad apt ed fro m E ng lis h w it h no mo d ific at io n in spe lling a nd
pro nu nc iat io n. It is u sed a s s la ng wo rd and ha ve no do me st ic e qu iva le nt . 55. volej
- no un in 1s t c as e, sg., ma scu line ge nder, infle ct io na l p at t ern “st ro j”.
“Vo lej” denotes the type of a tennis s troke which is pla yed before the ball hit s t he gro und. It was adapt ed fro m E ng lis h “vo lle y” by mo d ific at io n o f pronunciat io n wit h spelling and the simp lificat ion o f double “l” and subst itution o f consonants “y” and “j”. It is used as a slang word.
56. bekh end
- no un in 1s t c as e, sg., ma scu line ge nder, infle ct io na l p at t ern “hr ad”.
“Bekhend” corresponds wit h the meaning “ a tennis stroke which is p layed w it h t he back o f t he ha nd fac ing t he d ir ect io n o f t he st ro ke ”. Adapt ed fro m English “backhand” the lo an word was mo dified in accordance wit h the simplified pronunciat io n where /æ/ was s ubst ituted by /e/. Nonadapted variet y “backhand” is used interchangeably. Slang word.
57. g rands la mo vých
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, p l., ma s cu line g e nd er. It was der ived fro m lo a ned
- ad je ct ive in 4t h c as e, p l., ma s cu line g e nd er. It was der ived fro m lo a ned